International Market Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3302 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Tags: Economy Essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction The globalization of the economy, internationalization of businesses and emergence of new markets are all key themes in contemporary business. Whereas international business may once have been the province of organisations with sufficient scale and reach, these types of companies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" typically multi-national corporations no longer have a monopoly on this kind of business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Market Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order Increasing numbers of firms, of varying scale, are confronted with compelling reasons for expanding their activities across multiple national boundaries. In some cases, such motivation includes the knowledge that success in international markets is a pre-requisite for survival; if competitor organisations succeed in international markets, they may achieve the scale and liquidity which affords them sustainable competitive advantage. However, scrutiny of the empirical experience of international expansion suggests that the apparent potential is by no means straightforward to achieve in practice. This raises questions about whether or not it is realistic to envisage a best practice in terms of international expansion strategy. Can the latter be conceived of as a specific and transferable management skill, or is it instead reliant upon expertise in a particular sector of business, a market, or a national culture? After all, if proven strategists are found wanting, where can the or ganisation go in terms of its future practice? Large, successful and sophisticated businesses have often found that international ventures do not fulfil their promise. Moreover, these failures do not feature in only one sector of the economy; retailers, manufacturers, transport and energy companies have all found that expansion in contemporary markets is easier to plan than to achieve. The relevant strategies were often developed by otherwise successful managers and executives, appointed because of proven track records in similar or parallel enterprises. The retail sector alone furnishes numerous examples of this problem. The previously ascendant US Wal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mart group eventually abandoned its expansion into the buoyant German consumer market, selling up to domestic rivals Metro (Felsted and Jopson 2011). Sir Terry Leahy of the UKs Tesco PLC saw his flagship Fresh n Easy store venture in the United States rapidly turn into a loss making enterprise (Felsted 201 1). The point here is that these large, well-resourced businesses have been in the vanguard of market research techniques which employ benchmark digital data capture to measure consumer behaviour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" yet they still failed. It may be that, as the statistics obtained by as Guler and Guillen show, (Appendix Three), firms prefer to target what they perceive as legally secure, politically stable hosts (2005, p.2) A number of empirical questions are raised by these developments. For example, how best can organisations secure and maintain the right kind of strategy formation capacity within their capabilities? Should strategic planning ever be thought of as a continuing capability, or should it instead be seen as a reflexive capacity, more likely to be brought into being by the specific conjunction of factors, i.e. a one-off development? 2. Purpose The purpose of the proposed study will be to ascertain answers to the following types of question, i.e. Is there a best practice of international business strategy formation which is transferable between business sectors? Are some elements of strategy formation indispensable? If so, what are the indispensable elements of strategy formation? Do the business models of particular sectors render them more or less scaleable in terms of international expansion? What constitutes the best practice in the development of business strategy for international markets? Such a question will obviously be subject to enormous variables across different sectors of the economy, or types and sizes of business. However, it may be argued that there will be a continued demand for this kind of business expertise, both in terms of strategy development and knowledge management. 3. Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations. As Czinkota et al indicate, strategy formation should not be conceived as a generic activity or process, since it will to a certain extent be informed by the specific stimulus for the expansion itself, i.e. whether the perceived competitive advantage is based on technological or other kind of advantage (2009, p.228) This is an important consideration, since each organisation has its own motivation for wanting to expand into international markets, as well as varying levels of capability, resources, and preparedness. De Burca, Fletcher and Brown argue, there are numerous reasons for pursuing international expansion, the first of which lays in orthodox competitive strategy, i.e. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in many industries, competitors can access customers almost anywhereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦many customers that are going global want their key suppliers to be there to service them. Secondly, technology evolves at different speeds in different countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if a business is located close to leading-edge technology development, it is likely to be closer to the early adopters phase of new marketsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Third, economies of doing business are changing in terms of cost of funds, cost of labour, availability of specialised skills and opportunities for specialisation. (2004: p.560). Some strategic factors are generic, in as much as no firm can realistically overlook them in international expansion. These consist of considerations such as control of the value chain, control of personnel resources, the securing of the necessary financial resources, and a realistic assessment of the associated risks (Muhlbacher et al 2006, p.405). Other factors will arise from the nature of the target markets themselves: emerging economies, for example, will not necessarily feature the embeddedness of mature Western markets (Doole and Lowe 2008, p.4). As Muhlbacher et al point out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦many international marketing efforts fail not because research was not conducte d, but because the issue of comparability was not adequately addressed in defining the marketing research problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2006, p.123). It is also important to consider the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦unconscious reference to our own cultural values when defining the problem we are attempting to research in international marketsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2006, p.123). For example, many studies of global expansion have as their focus the strategies of Western multinationals; however, given the flow of globalization, there is no logical reason why they should be restricted to this area. If anything, the strategies of Chinese, Middle Eastern and other corporations may become even more relevant. As Berger argues, globalization may be deemed the single greatest factor in contemporary business, and yet virtually all the assumptions made about it come à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦either from opinionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦orà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦general economic theories. Analyses based on hard evidence from the experience of societies dealing with these pressures are few and far between. (Berger 2006: p.7). 4. Methodology i. Research Design and Research Strategy. As Marshall and Rossman argue, a research design should be able to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.generate data appropriate and adequate for responding to the research questions and will conform to ethical standards. (2011, p.56). In this instance there are several levels of design options to be acknowledged in the overall form of the research. In paradigmatic terms, this is a predominantly qualitative study, which nevertheless acknowledges the points made by Collis and Hussey regarding the relationship between the phenomenological and the positivist positions. As they point out, the distinction between them can rarely be maintained in the context of practical research processes (Collis and Hussey 2003, p.48). This is a point also made by Jupp, who concedes that research paradigms may need to be reconsidered during the process itself (2006, p.213). At the preparatory stage, it is obviously important to demonstrate that there is a justification for this research, i.e. a gap in the relevant knowledge as presented in the relevant secondary literature (Longnecker 2009, p.134). An exhaustive survey of all the relevant secondary literature may be an ambitious objective given the resources available to this study; however, this must be pursued until it becomes clear that the same or similar points are constantly being re-discovered. As Winkler and Metherell point out, the cautious researcher should see a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦consensus of opinion among experts that can be used to judge the reputation of an author or source. (2011, p.62). By this means, as Patzer points out, a viable context for the study may be established (1995, p.6). It is anticipated that the gaps in the literature will mostly be those arising from new developments in the dynamic of globalization; as Stevens et al argue, old information à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is not necessarily bad information; however, in many dynamic markets, up-to-date information is an absolute necessity. (2006, p.98). As Saunders et al (20 09) acknowledge, any generalization based on secondary data should acknowledge that it has been influenced by the culture, predisposition and ideals of those who originally compiled it (p.272). The study will take account of the major theorists in the relevant areas of scholarship, such as Porter on competitive advantage and national competitive advantage, and Mintzberg et al on strategy. Work such as that of Jones in Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century (2005) will be consulted in order to orientate the study empirically. Detailed studies of niche areas such as De Burca et als work on SME strategy (2004), and Phan et al (2008) on entrepreneurship in emerging economies will also be important. It will also acknowledge anti-globalisation theorists such as Lynn, through the arguments he presented in his End of the Line, the Rise and Coming Fall of the Global Corporation, (2005). Conducted on a qualitative basis, this will be a n inductive rather than deductive study, since it cannot realistically proceed on highly defined questions or areas of enquiry. Rather, its purpose is to make the initial foray into a new and under-research area which will inform a more deductive approach in the future. Consequently, the questioning will be exploratory rather than descriptive in nature, allowing participants the maximum scope to relay their reflections. As Rubin et al (2010) point out, when engaged in descriptive research, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we try to identify or describe events or conditionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦When doing explanatory research, we look for underlying causes and explanations of events. Exploratory research encompasses what is referred to as interpretative research, as a way of making sense of events. (198). Strategy formation, whatever its focus, represents an important aspect of competitive practice in commercial markets. For this reason, there may be finite limits to the extent to which contemporary practice will be meaningfully discussed or shared for the purposes of an academic study. However, participants may be more likely to share worthwhile observations where past practice is concerned, or where they are no longer involved with the business or organisation in question. Participation will be sought from twenty individuals in relevant organisations, and the interviews will be conducted by e-communication as far as is possible due to the budgetary limit of  £1500 (excluding labour). The survey(s) themselves will be conducted within a two week period as far as is possible, to retain the cross-sectional format. It is anticipated that some of this budget will be absorbed by travel and associated expenses where online research is not possible. ii. Sampling The representative nature of any research depends to a significant degree on the sampling methods on which it was based. As McGivern points out, the most representative samples are those based on random or probability sampling, in which all elements of a particular population have an equal or proportionate chance of being included (2006, p.277). However, this approach has obvious implications in terms of both resources and outcomes. A genuinely random sample would involve a wide initial recruitment process and a lengthy period of filtering, during which the most relevant participants could be identified. This in itself would require significant resources and time, and would not necessarily produce the most suitable cohort for a specialist research project. The value of focused business research must be linked to the insights provided by the participants, and only those with the requisite experience and knowledge can provide this. Consequently, a non-probability or purposive s ampling approach was deemed most appropriate, with practitioners from both past and present international businesses invited to participate. The responses obtained will most likely involve insights from past as well as present strategy, so that the study may be said to have a wide chronological focus. However, this study should be seen as a cross-sectional rather than a longitudinal one, since its resources do not permit a longer research process. It may be, however, that further study is possible later, is the research objectives and questions are refined. As Yin cautions, despite the care taken to ensure that a sample is representative of some larger group, the number in a qualitative study à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.will likely be too small to warrant any statistical generalisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. However, the findings may be sufficiently replicated in similar situations, allowing them to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦generalized to other similar situations. (2010, 226). The questions will be ordered into three sections, i.e. a binary or closed question Yes/No section, a Likert-scale multiple choice section, and an open section of discursive enquiries. Each section in the sequence will be developmental and complimentary, allowing the juxtaposition of positivist and phenomenological findings, as in Appendices One and Two. iii. Data Analysis As Wolcott (2001) has argued, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦good qualitative research ought to confound issues, revealing them in their complexity rather than reducing them to simple explanation. (p.36). Whilst it is not envisaged that this limited research will uncover any conceptually original points, it is planned that a balance of positivist and phenomenological data will reveal contextual clues in the contemporary environment which may contribute to further investigation. This will be pursued according to the schema of analysis set out in Appendices One and Two. 5. Ethical Considerations There are two levels of ethical responsibility involved in this proposal, i.e. that owed to the respondents, and that inherent in the conduct and evaluation of the work itself. This research will be conducted on the basis that the participants themselves should have the maximum control over the conduct and outcome of the research process. This implies that they should be informed, prior to participation, of the possible uses and availability of the published research results (Tracy and Millar 2009, p.102). This proposal also acknowledges the ethical responsibilities which arise from the interpretation of the research results themselves. As Gill et al point out, the researcher, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦through developing his/her research design, is usually trying to test hypotheses generated from a theory, through data collection, in order to see whether or not the theory survives those attempts at falsifying or disproving it. (2010, p.72) As an inductive study, this research will n ot be aiming to prove or disprove a particular idea. It will, however, rely for its value upon the originality or otherwise of the information uncovered. Responsible assessment of this should avoid inflating its significance or originality when drawing up the conclusions; where similar findings have appeared earlier or elsewhere, this will be drawn to the attention of the reader. The research findings should be closely linked to the evidence which supports them, and where some of this does not support the argument, this should also be acknowledged (Gray 2009, p.192). 6. Conclusion Overall, the background issue may be said to fall into two areas; firstly, what kinds of expertise are necessary to assure the development of successful international strategy, and secondly, how may this be effectively researched? As Gravetter and Forzano have cautioned, it is all but impossible for a single research study to eliminate all threats to validity, therefore, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦each researcher must decide which threats are most important for the specific study. (2011, p.171). The single greatest problem in this research is the choice between a study which looks at the issue as it occurs across all sectors, or one which concentrates on a single business sector. As will be discussed further, this dilemma also has to be solved in a manner which takes account of the resources available for the work itself. As Patton advises, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦deductive hypothesis testing or outcome measurement aimed at confirming and/or generalizing exploratory findings, then back again to i nductive analysis to look for rival hypotheses and unanticipated or unmeasured factors. (2002, p.57). References Berger, S., (2006), How We Compete, What Companies around the World are doing to make it in todays global economy, Doubleday, New York. Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I., and Moffett, M. (2009), Fundamentals of International Business, Wessex, NY. De Burca, S., Fletcher, R., and Brown, L., (2004), International Marketing: An SME perspective, FT Prentice Hall, Harlow. Doole, I., and Lowe, R., (2008), International marketing strategy; analysis, development and implementation, 5th Edn., Cengage, London. Felsted, A., New Tesco chief faces world of tough challenges, Financial Times, 25th February 2011, [online], (last updated 25.2.11), available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4024ff4a-4115-11e0-bf62-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1HyxsG9Nc [Accessed 17th March 2012]. Felsted, A., and Jopson, B., Bridging the pond is a stern test for retailers, Financial Times, 5th September 2011, [online], (last updated 5.9.11), available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fae9dba2-cf45-11e0-b6d4-00144feabdc 0.html#axzz1pZpjylMt [Accessed 17th March 2012]. Gill, J., Johnson, P., and Clark, M., (2010), Research methods for managers, 4th Edition, Sage, London. Gravetter, F. J., and Forzano, L. B., (2011), Research methods for the behavioural sciences, Wadsworth, Bellment CA. Gray, D. E., (2009), Doing research in the real world, Sage, London. Guler, I., and Guillen, M. F., Knowledge Institutions and Foreign Entry: the internationalisation of U.S. venture capital firms, [online], available at https://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/guillen/NewFolder/IntVC18.pdf, [Accessed 17th March 2012]. Jansson, H., (2007), International business strategy in emerging country markets: the institutional market approach, Edward Elgar. Cheltenham. Jones, G., (2005), Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Jupp, V., (2006), The Sage dictionary of social research methods, Sage, London. Li, J., (1995), For eign entry and survival: effects of strategic choices on performance in international markets, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.16, pp.333-351. Longnecker, J. L., (2009), Small business management,: launching and managing new ventures, Cengage, US. Lynn, B.C., (2005), End of the Line, the Rise and Coming Fall of the Global Corporation, Doubleday, New York. McGivern, Y., (2006), The Practice of Market and Social Research, An Introduction, 2nd Edition, FT Prentice Hall, Harlow. Marshall, C., and Rossman, G. B., (2011), Designing qualitative research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Muhlbacher, H., Leihs, H., Dahringer, L., (2006), International marketing: a global perspective, 3rd Edition, Thomson, Cengage, London. Patton, M. Q., (2002), Qualitative research methods, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Patzer, G. M., (1995), Using secondary data in marketing research; United States and Worldwide, Quorum, Westport. Rubin, R. B., and Rubin, A. M., Haridakis, P. M., and Piele, L. M., (2010), Communication research: strategies and sources, Cengage/Wadsworth, Boston. Stevens, R. E., Wrenn, B., Sherwood, P. K., and Rudd, M. E., (2006), The marketing research guide, Haworth, New York. Tracey, A., and Millar, R., The interview approach, in Hargie, O., and Tourish, D., (eds), (2009), Auditing Organisational Communication; A Handbook of Research Theory and Practice, Routledge, New York, pp.78-102. Winkler, A. C., Metherell, J. R., (2011), Writing the research paper: a handbook, Cengage, New York. Wolcott, H. F., (2001), Writing up qualitative research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, London. Yin, R. K., (2010), Qualitative research from start to finish, Guildford Press, New York. Appendix One: Questioning Sequence. Section One: Binary/Closed Question. It is possible to identify a best practice model of international business strategy formation, which is transferable between business sectors. Yes/No/Neutral. Section Two: Likert Scale Question. It is possible to identify a best practice model of international business strategy formation, which is transferable between business sectors. Strongly Agree/Agree/Neutral/ Section Three: Open Question. How would you identify a generic best practice model of international business strategy formation, i.e. one which is transferable between business sectors? Please explain in your own words. Appendix Two: Data Integration in sequence. Appendix Three: Foreign Capital Investments by U.S. Firms by Host Country, 1991-2002. Country Number of Ventures United Kingdom 183 Canada 135 Israel 109 Japan 91 France 55 Germany 54 China 43 India 35 Ireland 31 Netherlands 30 Singapore 25 Source: Guler, I., and Guillen, M. F., Knowledge Institutions and Foreign Entry: the internationalisation of U.S. venture capital firms, [online], available at https://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/guillen/NewFolder/IntVC18.pdf , [Accessed 17th March 2012]., p.46.

Nature and Nurture in Language Acquisition Essay - 2339 Words

Language is considered one of the attributes that define human beings as a unique species. We are the only species able to employ complex language to communicate our feelings, intentions and also to teach others. Although language is such an exclusive and intricate skill, infants can learn it fairly quickly. Child vocabulary grows very fast once they say their first words growing from 5-20 words at 18-months to about 6000 words by the age of 5 (Bates, 2003). This remarkable ability to acquire language is the basis for a central debate: how much of our ability to acquire, produce and understand language is innate (genetically programmed) and how much is acquired by learning? This essay will focus on the debate between nature and nurture†¦show more content†¦Although this device allows children to understand and create all types of sentences (even if they have never heard them before) they need environmental input to develop this skill, though environmental stimuli alone would not be enough to explain how children learn grammatical rules since the speech they hear is frequently incomplete. An important aspect of Chomsky’s theory is the transformational grammar, the phrase-structure rules which indicate sentence order and expressions that are acceptable or unacceptable in a language. These rules are applied systematically in order to generate adequate sentences in any language. The surface structure of the sentence refers to actual words or phrases (syntax) whereas deep structure is related to meaning. According to Chomsky, when we hear a sentence, the transformational grammar allows us to transform meaning into sentences and vice-versa. He argues that children are born able to learn the rules to transform deep structure into many different surface structures. Furthermore, Chomsky’s theory of â€Å"Universal Grammar† suggests that children are born with innate knowledge of grammatical principles and parameters common to all languages. This theory proposes that children only need to learn the vocabulary and constraints of their native language by means of contact with other people (e.g. use of explicit subject is required in English – â€Å"I am tired† while in Portuguese, it can be dropped – â€Å"Estou cansado†). ObservationalShow MoreRelatedChild Language Acquisition: Nature or Nurture?1645 Words   |  7 PagesChild language acquisition: nature or nurture? (final version) Introduction The study of language development, one of the most fascinating human achievements, has a long and rich history, extending over thousands of years (Chomsky, 2000). 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Digital Fortress Chapter 20 Free Essays

La Clinica de Salud Publica was actually a converted elementary school and didn’t much resemble a hospital at all. It was a long, one-story brick building with huge windows and a rusted swing set out back. Becker headed up the crumbling steps. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Fortress Chapter 20 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Inside, it was dark and noisy. The waiting room was a line of folding metal chairs that ran the entire length of a long narrow corridor. A cardboard sign on a sawhorse read oficina with an arrow pointing down the hall. Becker walked the dimly lit corridor. It was like some sort of eerie set conjured up for a Hollywood horror flick. The air smelled of urine. The lights at the far end were blown out, and the last forty or fifty feet revealed nothing but muted silhouettes. A bleeding woman†¦ a young couple crying†¦ a little girl praying†¦ Becker reached the end of the darkened hall. The door to his left was slightly ajar, and he pushed it open. It was entirely empty except for an old, withered woman naked on a cot struggling with her bedpan. Lovely. Becker groaned. He closed the door. Where the hell is the office? Around a small dog-leg in the hall, Becker heard voices. He followed the sound and arrived at a translucent glass door that sounded as if a brawl were going on behind it. Reluctantly, Becker pushed the door open. The office. Mayhem. Just as he’d feared. The line was about ten people deep, everyone pushing and shouting. Spain was not known for its efficiency, and Becker knew he could be there all night waiting for discharge info on the Canadian. There was only one secretary behind the desk, and she was fending off disgruntled patients. Becker stood in the doorway a moment and pondered his options. There was a better way. â€Å"Con permiso!† an orderly shouted. A fast-rolling gurney sailed by. Becker spun out of the way and called after the orderly. â€Å"?Donde esta el telefono?† Without breaking stride, the man pointed to a set of double doors and disappeared around the corner. Becker walked over to the doors and pushed his way through. The room before him was enormous-an old gymnasium. The floor was a pale green and seemed to swim in and out of focus under the hum of the fluorescent lights. On the wall, a basketball hoop hung limply from its backboard. Scattered across the floor were a few dozen patients on low cots. In the far corner, just beneath a burned-out scoreboard, was an old pay phone. Becker hoped it worked. As he strode across the floor, he fumbled in his pocket for a coin. He found 75 pesetas in cinco-duros coins, change from the taxi-just enough for two local calls. He smiled politely to an exiting nurse and made his way to the phone. Scooping up the receiver, Becker dialed Directory Assistance. Thirty seconds later he had the number for the clinic’s main office. Regardless of the country, it seemed there was one universal truth when it came to offices: Nobody could stand the sound of an unanswered phone. It didn’t matter how many customers were waiting to be helped, the secretary would always drop what she was doing to pick up the phone. Becker punched the six-digit exchange. In a moment he’d have the clinic’s office. There would undoubtedly be only one Canadian admitted today with a broken wrist and a concussion; his file would be easy to find. Becker knew the office would be hesitant to give out the man’s name and discharge address to a total stranger, but he had a plan. The phone began to ring. Becker guessed five rings was all it would take. It took nineteen. â€Å"Clinica de Salud Publica,† barked the frantic secretary. Becker spoke in Spanish with a thick Franco-American accent. â€Å"This is David Becker. I’m with the Canadian Embassy. One of our citizens was treated by you today. I’d like his information such that the embassy can arrange to pay his fees.† â€Å"Fine,† the woman said. â€Å"I’ll send it to the embassy on Monday.† â€Å"Actually,† Becker pressed, â€Å"it’s important I get it immediately.† â€Å"Impossible,† the woman snapped. â€Å"We’re very busy.† Becker sounded as official as possible. â€Å"It is an urgent matter. The man had a broken wrist and a head injury. He was treated sometime this morning. His file should be right on top.† Becker thickened the accent in his Spanish-just clear enough to convey his needs, just confusing enough to be exasperating. People had a way of bending the rules when they were exasperated. Instead of bending the rules, however, the woman cursed self-important North Americans and slammed down the phone. Becker frowned and hung up. Strikeout. The thought of waiting hours in line didn’t thrill him; the clock was ticking-the old Canadian could be anywhere by now. Maybe he had decided to go back to Canada. Maybe he would sell the ring. Becker didn’t have hours to wait in line. With renewed determination, Becker snatched up the receiver and redialed. He pressed the phone to his ear and leaned back against the wall. It began to ring. Becker gazed out into the room. One ring†¦ two rings†¦ three – A sudden surge of adrenaline coursed through his body. Becker wheeled and slammed the receiver back down into its cradle. Then he turned and stared back into the room in stunned silence. There on a cot, directly in front of him, propped up on a pile of old pillows, lay an elderly man with a clean white cast on his right wrist. Chapter 21 The American on Tokugen Numataka’s private line sounded anxious. â€Å"Mr. Numataka-I only have a moment.† â€Å"Fine. I trust you have both pass-keys.† â€Å"There will be a small delay,† the American answered. â€Å"Unacceptable,† Numataka hissed. â€Å"You said I would have them by the end of today!† â€Å"There is one loose end.† â€Å"Is Tankado dead?† â€Å"Yes,† the voice said. â€Å"My man killed Mr. Tankado, but he failed to get the pass-key. Tankado gave it away before he died. To a tourist.† â€Å"Outrageous!† Numataka bellowed. â€Å"Then how can you promise me exclusive-â€Å" â€Å"Relax,† the American soothed. â€Å"You will have exclusive rights. That is my guarantee. As soon as the missing pass-key is found, Digital Fortress will be yours.† â€Å"But the pass-key could be copied!† â€Å"Anyone who has seen the key will be eliminated.† There was a long silence. Finally Numataka spoke. â€Å"Where is the key now?† â€Å"All you need to know is that it will be found.† â€Å"How can you be so certain?† â€Å"Because I am not the only one looking for it. American Intelligence has caught wind of the missing key. For obvious reasons they would like to prevent the release of Digital Fortress. They have sent a man to locate the key. His name is David Becker.† â€Å"How do you know this?† â€Å"That is irrelevant.† Numataka paused. â€Å"And if Mr. Becker locates the key?† â€Å"My man will take it from him.† â€Å"And after that?† â€Å"You needn’t be concerned,† the American said coldly. â€Å"When Mr. Becker finds the key, he will be properly rewarded.† How to cite Digital Fortress Chapter 20, Essay examples

Ceasar Charater Analysis Essay Example For Students

Ceasar Charater Analysis Essay Ceasar Charater analysis Character Analysis Antony- What Cassius says about Antony: You know not whatthat which he will utter? Pg. 582 lines 233-236. This shows that the conspirators are afraid of what Antony will say in his oration to the mob. Cassius is trying to make Brutus see what Antony is really up to, but Brutus is too caught up in honor to notice. What Antony does: He speaks to the crowd making them feel sorry for him, ashamed of themselves, and hate the conspirators. He causes them to go into an angry rage in scene 3. What Antony feels: O pardon me thougentle with these butchers. Pg. 582 lines 254-236. Antony has made a deal with the conspirators that have killed his best friend. This quote is after the conspirators have left, and he is talking to the corpse of Caesar. He spills his true intentions and gives word of his counter conspiracy. He feels that even though the men are honorable, that they have butchered a man that could have been reasoned with and brought out of what it was he did wrong. What Antony says: Let each man render me his bloody handMy credit now stands on such slippery ground that one of two bad ways you must conceit me. Pg. 580 lines 184-194 He leads the conspirators on to trust him, when in fact, he wants to be able to speak to the mob. He uses a vicious pun so that he knows what he is talking about, but the conspirators think that he is simply talking about the blood on the ground being slippery. Caesar- What Caesar says: Et tu Brute? Then fall Caesar! Pg. 577 line 77 Caesar is shocked that Brutus, his most loyal friend would do this. His mask comes off at this point and shows his personal face. Throughout the play, he has put himself as an arrogant official, and only when he is around his friends does he show his true identity. This is so important because marks the point when Caesars spirit enters Antonys revenge. The play comes to its climax in this line. What Caesar does: Caesar refuses to let Publius Cimber back into Rome. He, in a way, kills himself by the way he responds. He puts himself up as a god-like man and almost says he is in control of his own destiny. This gives the conspirators final reason to kill him, and they do. What Antony says about Caesar: Through his oration, Antony shows all of Caesars good traits, and attacks the bad ones. He says that Caesar was generous, using the will as a testament to that, and he states that Caesar would weep with the people if ever the people wept. The Mob What the mob says: It is no matter, his name is Cinna. Pluck but his name out of his heart, and turn him going. Pg. 593 lines 30-31 The mob does not care that Cinna is not a conspirator. He just is unfortunately and ironically the first they stumble upon. More ironic is that his name is the same as one of the conspirators. The mix up of names can be deadly, and this is proof of it. What the mob does: Tear him, tear him! Come, brands. Ho, firebrands-to Brutus, to Cassius! Burn all. Burn Decius house and some to Cascas, some to Ligarius. Away, go! Pg. 593 lines 32-33. They murder the innocent Cinna because he, tragically, has the same name as a conspirator. The mob treats him indecently and unfairly, and he is killed as a result. Antony had riled the mob up, before this tragic scene. They were made to feel sorry for Antony and ashamed they had revoked Caesar. .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 , .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .postImageUrl , .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 , .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:hover , .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:visited , .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:active { border:0!important; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:active , .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aborigines And Their Place In Politics Essay They were after the conspirators. When they confront Cinna, Shakespeare shows them as an intelligent Roman mob. Even the best of people can be horrible in large groups. They brutally murder Cinna and have no remorse afterward. What Brutus thinks of the mob: Brutus conceives the mob as an inte. .lligent group of Romans. This is his flaw. He thinks that the citizens will accept his intellectual approach to the murder. He has put it on a higher plane that the mob cannot understand, so they are left confused and vulnerable to Antonys speech. Brutus What Brutus says: not that I loved Caesar less, but I loved Rome more. Brutus is addressing the angry crowd after the murder, trying to calm them with reasons. These reasons, however, are not only for the crowd. Brutus is attempting to convince himself that the murdering was a just cause. He uses Caesars ambition as another excuse, only trying to convince himself more. What Brutus does: Brutus gives the last blow to Caesar before he falls over in a lifeless lump on the floor. Brutus has betrayed his best friend, for an ideal. Caesar cannot believe this and takes off the mask of arrogance for just one moment before his death. We find it ironic that such a noble man, as Brutus would kill his most beloved friend and leader. What Antony says about Brutus: O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, that I am meek and gentle with these butchers! Antony, himself, can hardly believe what Brutus has done with the other conspirators, and talks to the bloody corpse in a strange confusion. He is implying, most undoubtedly, that Brutus was the worst of them all, and Antony was kindest to him. Cinna (the poet) What Cinna says: I dreamt tonight that I did feast with Caesar, and things unluckily charge my fantasy. I have no will to wander forth of doors, yet something leads me forth. Pg. 592 lines 1-4. Cinna knows that something is brewing amongst the gods, but he is still compelled to go forth with the day. Not only does this prediction foreshadow the bloody scenes of the following acts but also symbolizes Brutus in that his mind did not want to continue. Rome was the something that was leading him forth. What citizen 1 says about Cinna: Tear him to pieces. He is a conspirator. Pg. 593 line 26. The citizens have no remorse for the innocent poet and kill him quickly. This foreshadows the upcoming battle of Romans fighting Romans. Cassius What Cassius says: I fear our purpose is discovered. Pg. 575 line 17 and Be sudden for we fear prevention. Brutus, what shall be done? If this be knownI will slay myself. Pg. 575 lines 19-22. Cassius shows his paranoia and his fear of what Antony will do when he finds out. He shows how suicidal he is and that he will eventually kill himself due to stress. He is a weak man when he is under pressure, but he seeks change in his dull life as a Senator. To rid himself of some of the stress, he suggests that they also kill Antony. What Brutus says to Cassius: Cassius, be constant. Popilius Lena speaks not of our purposes. Pg. 575 lines 23-24 Brutus acknoledges Cassius paranoia, and tries to comfort him. This is very naive of him to try and bring Cassius defenses at a very crucial moment. What Cassius does: Stoop then, and wash. How many eyes hence shall this our lofty scene be acted over. Lines 111-112. Cassius says this to get support and love from Brutus. His line marks the transition form true reasons for killing Caesar and Roman honor to the primitive and bloody act they had just committed. Brutus does not realize this transition and continues with what he had come to do. The act of washing the blood symbolizes, to Cassius, that Brutus is washing his love for Caesar away, leaving room for Cassius. Casca While Casca himself does not play a large role in this act, he plays a large role later in the play because he was the first to strike Caesar, and in the back is even more significant. .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 , .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .postImageUrl , .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 , .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:hover , .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:visited , .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:active { border:0!important; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: tabl e; clear: both; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:active , .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: International business law, go Essay