International Market Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3302 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Tags: Economy Essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction The globalization of the economy, internationalization of businesses and emergence of new markets are all key themes in contemporary business. Whereas international business may once have been the province of organisations with sufficient scale and reach, these types of companies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" typically multi-national corporations no longer have a monopoly on this kind of business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Market Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order Increasing numbers of firms, of varying scale, are confronted with compelling reasons for expanding their activities across multiple national boundaries. In some cases, such motivation includes the knowledge that success in international markets is a pre-requisite for survival; if competitor organisations succeed in international markets, they may achieve the scale and liquidity which affords them sustainable competitive advantage. However, scrutiny of the empirical experience of international expansion suggests that the apparent potential is by no means straightforward to achieve in practice. This raises questions about whether or not it is realistic to envisage a best practice in terms of international expansion strategy. Can the latter be conceived of as a specific and transferable management skill, or is it instead reliant upon expertise in a particular sector of business, a market, or a national culture? After all, if proven strategists are found wanting, where can the or ganisation go in terms of its future practice? Large, successful and sophisticated businesses have often found that international ventures do not fulfil their promise. Moreover, these failures do not feature in only one sector of the economy; retailers, manufacturers, transport and energy companies have all found that expansion in contemporary markets is easier to plan than to achieve. The relevant strategies were often developed by otherwise successful managers and executives, appointed because of proven track records in similar or parallel enterprises. The retail sector alone furnishes numerous examples of this problem. The previously ascendant US Wal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mart group eventually abandoned its expansion into the buoyant German consumer market, selling up to domestic rivals Metro (Felsted and Jopson 2011). Sir Terry Leahy of the UKs Tesco PLC saw his flagship Fresh n Easy store venture in the United States rapidly turn into a loss making enterprise (Felsted 201 1). The point here is that these large, well-resourced businesses have been in the vanguard of market research techniques which employ benchmark digital data capture to measure consumer behaviour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" yet they still failed. It may be that, as the statistics obtained by as Guler and Guillen show, (Appendix Three), firms prefer to target what they perceive as legally secure, politically stable hosts (2005, p.2) A number of empirical questions are raised by these developments. For example, how best can organisations secure and maintain the right kind of strategy formation capacity within their capabilities? Should strategic planning ever be thought of as a continuing capability, or should it instead be seen as a reflexive capacity, more likely to be brought into being by the specific conjunction of factors, i.e. a one-off development? 2. Purpose The purpose of the proposed study will be to ascertain answers to the following types of question, i.e. Is there a best practice of international business strategy formation which is transferable between business sectors? Are some elements of strategy formation indispensable? If so, what are the indispensable elements of strategy formation? Do the business models of particular sectors render them more or less scaleable in terms of international expansion? What constitutes the best practice in the development of business strategy for international markets? Such a question will obviously be subject to enormous variables across different sectors of the economy, or types and sizes of business. However, it may be argued that there will be a continued demand for this kind of business expertise, both in terms of strategy development and knowledge management. 3. Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations. As Czinkota et al indicate, strategy formation should not be conceived as a generic activity or process, since it will to a certain extent be informed by the specific stimulus for the expansion itself, i.e. whether the perceived competitive advantage is based on technological or other kind of advantage (2009, p.228) This is an important consideration, since each organisation has its own motivation for wanting to expand into international markets, as well as varying levels of capability, resources, and preparedness. De Burca, Fletcher and Brown argue, there are numerous reasons for pursuing international expansion, the first of which lays in orthodox competitive strategy, i.e. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in many industries, competitors can access customers almost anywhereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦many customers that are going global want their key suppliers to be there to service them. Secondly, technology evolves at different speeds in different countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if a business is located close to leading-edge technology development, it is likely to be closer to the early adopters phase of new marketsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Third, economies of doing business are changing in terms of cost of funds, cost of labour, availability of specialised skills and opportunities for specialisation. (2004: p.560). Some strategic factors are generic, in as much as no firm can realistically overlook them in international expansion. These consist of considerations such as control of the value chain, control of personnel resources, the securing of the necessary financial resources, and a realistic assessment of the associated risks (Muhlbacher et al 2006, p.405). Other factors will arise from the nature of the target markets themselves: emerging economies, for example, will not necessarily feature the embeddedness of mature Western markets (Doole and Lowe 2008, p.4). As Muhlbacher et al point out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦many international marketing efforts fail not because research was not conducte d, but because the issue of comparability was not adequately addressed in defining the marketing research problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2006, p.123). It is also important to consider the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦unconscious reference to our own cultural values when defining the problem we are attempting to research in international marketsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2006, p.123). For example, many studies of global expansion have as their focus the strategies of Western multinationals; however, given the flow of globalization, there is no logical reason why they should be restricted to this area. If anything, the strategies of Chinese, Middle Eastern and other corporations may become even more relevant. As Berger argues, globalization may be deemed the single greatest factor in contemporary business, and yet virtually all the assumptions made about it come à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦either from opinionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦orà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦general economic theories. Analyses based on hard evidence from the experience of societies dealing with these pressures are few and far between. (Berger 2006: p.7). 4. Methodology i. Research Design and Research Strategy. As Marshall and Rossman argue, a research design should be able to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.generate data appropriate and adequate for responding to the research questions and will conform to ethical standards. (2011, p.56). In this instance there are several levels of design options to be acknowledged in the overall form of the research. In paradigmatic terms, this is a predominantly qualitative study, which nevertheless acknowledges the points made by Collis and Hussey regarding the relationship between the phenomenological and the positivist positions. As they point out, the distinction between them can rarely be maintained in the context of practical research processes (Collis and Hussey 2003, p.48). This is a point also made by Jupp, who concedes that research paradigms may need to be reconsidered during the process itself (2006, p.213). At the preparatory stage, it is obviously important to demonstrate that there is a justification for this research, i.e. a gap in the relevant knowledge as presented in the relevant secondary literature (Longnecker 2009, p.134). An exhaustive survey of all the relevant secondary literature may be an ambitious objective given the resources available to this study; however, this must be pursued until it becomes clear that the same or similar points are constantly being re-discovered. As Winkler and Metherell point out, the cautious researcher should see a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦consensus of opinion among experts that can be used to judge the reputation of an author or source. (2011, p.62). By this means, as Patzer points out, a viable context for the study may be established (1995, p.6). It is anticipated that the gaps in the literature will mostly be those arising from new developments in the dynamic of globalization; as Stevens et al argue, old information à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is not necessarily bad information; however, in many dynamic markets, up-to-date information is an absolute necessity. (2006, p.98). As Saunders et al (20 09) acknowledge, any generalization based on secondary data should acknowledge that it has been influenced by the culture, predisposition and ideals of those who originally compiled it (p.272). The study will take account of the major theorists in the relevant areas of scholarship, such as Porter on competitive advantage and national competitive advantage, and Mintzberg et al on strategy. Work such as that of Jones in Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century (2005) will be consulted in order to orientate the study empirically. Detailed studies of niche areas such as De Burca et als work on SME strategy (2004), and Phan et al (2008) on entrepreneurship in emerging economies will also be important. It will also acknowledge anti-globalisation theorists such as Lynn, through the arguments he presented in his End of the Line, the Rise and Coming Fall of the Global Corporation, (2005). Conducted on a qualitative basis, this will be a n inductive rather than deductive study, since it cannot realistically proceed on highly defined questions or areas of enquiry. Rather, its purpose is to make the initial foray into a new and under-research area which will inform a more deductive approach in the future. Consequently, the questioning will be exploratory rather than descriptive in nature, allowing participants the maximum scope to relay their reflections. As Rubin et al (2010) point out, when engaged in descriptive research, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we try to identify or describe events or conditionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦When doing explanatory research, we look for underlying causes and explanations of events. Exploratory research encompasses what is referred to as interpretative research, as a way of making sense of events. (198). Strategy formation, whatever its focus, represents an important aspect of competitive practice in commercial markets. For this reason, there may be finite limits to the extent to which contemporary practice will be meaningfully discussed or shared for the purposes of an academic study. However, participants may be more likely to share worthwhile observations where past practice is concerned, or where they are no longer involved with the business or organisation in question. Participation will be sought from twenty individuals in relevant organisations, and the interviews will be conducted by e-communication as far as is possible due to the budgetary limit of  £1500 (excluding labour). The survey(s) themselves will be conducted within a two week period as far as is possible, to retain the cross-sectional format. It is anticipated that some of this budget will be absorbed by travel and associated expenses where online research is not possible. ii. Sampling The representative nature of any research depends to a significant degree on the sampling methods on which it was based. As McGivern points out, the most representative samples are those based on random or probability sampling, in which all elements of a particular population have an equal or proportionate chance of being included (2006, p.277). However, this approach has obvious implications in terms of both resources and outcomes. A genuinely random sample would involve a wide initial recruitment process and a lengthy period of filtering, during which the most relevant participants could be identified. This in itself would require significant resources and time, and would not necessarily produce the most suitable cohort for a specialist research project. The value of focused business research must be linked to the insights provided by the participants, and only those with the requisite experience and knowledge can provide this. Consequently, a non-probability or purposive s ampling approach was deemed most appropriate, with practitioners from both past and present international businesses invited to participate. The responses obtained will most likely involve insights from past as well as present strategy, so that the study may be said to have a wide chronological focus. However, this study should be seen as a cross-sectional rather than a longitudinal one, since its resources do not permit a longer research process. It may be, however, that further study is possible later, is the research objectives and questions are refined. As Yin cautions, despite the care taken to ensure that a sample is representative of some larger group, the number in a qualitative study à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.will likely be too small to warrant any statistical generalisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. However, the findings may be sufficiently replicated in similar situations, allowing them to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦generalized to other similar situations. (2010, 226). The questions will be ordered into three sections, i.e. a binary or closed question Yes/No section, a Likert-scale multiple choice section, and an open section of discursive enquiries. Each section in the sequence will be developmental and complimentary, allowing the juxtaposition of positivist and phenomenological findings, as in Appendices One and Two. iii. Data Analysis As Wolcott (2001) has argued, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦good qualitative research ought to confound issues, revealing them in their complexity rather than reducing them to simple explanation. (p.36). Whilst it is not envisaged that this limited research will uncover any conceptually original points, it is planned that a balance of positivist and phenomenological data will reveal contextual clues in the contemporary environment which may contribute to further investigation. This will be pursued according to the schema of analysis set out in Appendices One and Two. 5. Ethical Considerations There are two levels of ethical responsibility involved in this proposal, i.e. that owed to the respondents, and that inherent in the conduct and evaluation of the work itself. This research will be conducted on the basis that the participants themselves should have the maximum control over the conduct and outcome of the research process. This implies that they should be informed, prior to participation, of the possible uses and availability of the published research results (Tracy and Millar 2009, p.102). This proposal also acknowledges the ethical responsibilities which arise from the interpretation of the research results themselves. As Gill et al point out, the researcher, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦through developing his/her research design, is usually trying to test hypotheses generated from a theory, through data collection, in order to see whether or not the theory survives those attempts at falsifying or disproving it. (2010, p.72) As an inductive study, this research will n ot be aiming to prove or disprove a particular idea. It will, however, rely for its value upon the originality or otherwise of the information uncovered. Responsible assessment of this should avoid inflating its significance or originality when drawing up the conclusions; where similar findings have appeared earlier or elsewhere, this will be drawn to the attention of the reader. The research findings should be closely linked to the evidence which supports them, and where some of this does not support the argument, this should also be acknowledged (Gray 2009, p.192). 6. Conclusion Overall, the background issue may be said to fall into two areas; firstly, what kinds of expertise are necessary to assure the development of successful international strategy, and secondly, how may this be effectively researched? As Gravetter and Forzano have cautioned, it is all but impossible for a single research study to eliminate all threats to validity, therefore, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦each researcher must decide which threats are most important for the specific study. (2011, p.171). The single greatest problem in this research is the choice between a study which looks at the issue as it occurs across all sectors, or one which concentrates on a single business sector. As will be discussed further, this dilemma also has to be solved in a manner which takes account of the resources available for the work itself. As Patton advises, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦deductive hypothesis testing or outcome measurement aimed at confirming and/or generalizing exploratory findings, then back again to i nductive analysis to look for rival hypotheses and unanticipated or unmeasured factors. (2002, p.57). References Berger, S., (2006), How We Compete, What Companies around the World are doing to make it in todays global economy, Doubleday, New York. Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I., and Moffett, M. (2009), Fundamentals of International Business, Wessex, NY. De Burca, S., Fletcher, R., and Brown, L., (2004), International Marketing: An SME perspective, FT Prentice Hall, Harlow. Doole, I., and Lowe, R., (2008), International marketing strategy; analysis, development and implementation, 5th Edn., Cengage, London. Felsted, A., New Tesco chief faces world of tough challenges, Financial Times, 25th February 2011, [online], (last updated 25.2.11), available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4024ff4a-4115-11e0-bf62-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1HyxsG9Nc [Accessed 17th March 2012]. Felsted, A., and Jopson, B., Bridging the pond is a stern test for retailers, Financial Times, 5th September 2011, [online], (last updated 5.9.11), available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fae9dba2-cf45-11e0-b6d4-00144feabdc 0.html#axzz1pZpjylMt [Accessed 17th March 2012]. Gill, J., Johnson, P., and Clark, M., (2010), Research methods for managers, 4th Edition, Sage, London. Gravetter, F. J., and Forzano, L. B., (2011), Research methods for the behavioural sciences, Wadsworth, Bellment CA. Gray, D. E., (2009), Doing research in the real world, Sage, London. Guler, I., and Guillen, M. F., Knowledge Institutions and Foreign Entry: the internationalisation of U.S. venture capital firms, [online], available at https://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/guillen/NewFolder/IntVC18.pdf, [Accessed 17th March 2012]. Jansson, H., (2007), International business strategy in emerging country markets: the institutional market approach, Edward Elgar. Cheltenham. Jones, G., (2005), Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Jupp, V., (2006), The Sage dictionary of social research methods, Sage, London. Li, J., (1995), For eign entry and survival: effects of strategic choices on performance in international markets, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.16, pp.333-351. Longnecker, J. L., (2009), Small business management,: launching and managing new ventures, Cengage, US. Lynn, B.C., (2005), End of the Line, the Rise and Coming Fall of the Global Corporation, Doubleday, New York. McGivern, Y., (2006), The Practice of Market and Social Research, An Introduction, 2nd Edition, FT Prentice Hall, Harlow. Marshall, C., and Rossman, G. B., (2011), Designing qualitative research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Muhlbacher, H., Leihs, H., Dahringer, L., (2006), International marketing: a global perspective, 3rd Edition, Thomson, Cengage, London. Patton, M. Q., (2002), Qualitative research methods, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Patzer, G. M., (1995), Using secondary data in marketing research; United States and Worldwide, Quorum, Westport. Rubin, R. B., and Rubin, A. M., Haridakis, P. M., and Piele, L. M., (2010), Communication research: strategies and sources, Cengage/Wadsworth, Boston. Stevens, R. E., Wrenn, B., Sherwood, P. K., and Rudd, M. E., (2006), The marketing research guide, Haworth, New York. Tracey, A., and Millar, R., The interview approach, in Hargie, O., and Tourish, D., (eds), (2009), Auditing Organisational Communication; A Handbook of Research Theory and Practice, Routledge, New York, pp.78-102. Winkler, A. C., Metherell, J. R., (2011), Writing the research paper: a handbook, Cengage, New York. Wolcott, H. F., (2001), Writing up qualitative research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, London. Yin, R. K., (2010), Qualitative research from start to finish, Guildford Press, New York. Appendix One: Questioning Sequence. Section One: Binary/Closed Question. It is possible to identify a best practice model of international business strategy formation, which is transferable between business sectors. Yes/No/Neutral. Section Two: Likert Scale Question. It is possible to identify a best practice model of international business strategy formation, which is transferable between business sectors. Strongly Agree/Agree/Neutral/ Section Three: Open Question. How would you identify a generic best practice model of international business strategy formation, i.e. one which is transferable between business sectors? Please explain in your own words. Appendix Two: Data Integration in sequence. Appendix Three: Foreign Capital Investments by U.S. Firms by Host Country, 1991-2002. Country Number of Ventures United Kingdom 183 Canada 135 Israel 109 Japan 91 France 55 Germany 54 China 43 India 35 Ireland 31 Netherlands 30 Singapore 25 Source: Guler, I., and Guillen, M. F., Knowledge Institutions and Foreign Entry: the internationalisation of U.S. venture capital firms, [online], available at https://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/guillen/NewFolder/IntVC18.pdf , [Accessed 17th March 2012]., p.46.

Nature and Nurture in Language Acquisition Essay - 2339 Words

Language is considered one of the attributes that define human beings as a unique species. We are the only species able to employ complex language to communicate our feelings, intentions and also to teach others. Although language is such an exclusive and intricate skill, infants can learn it fairly quickly. Child vocabulary grows very fast once they say their first words growing from 5-20 words at 18-months to about 6000 words by the age of 5 (Bates, 2003). This remarkable ability to acquire language is the basis for a central debate: how much of our ability to acquire, produce and understand language is innate (genetically programmed) and how much is acquired by learning? This essay will focus on the debate between nature and nurture†¦show more content†¦Although this device allows children to understand and create all types of sentences (even if they have never heard them before) they need environmental input to develop this skill, though environmental stimuli alone would not be enough to explain how children learn grammatical rules since the speech they hear is frequently incomplete. An important aspect of Chomsky’s theory is the transformational grammar, the phrase-structure rules which indicate sentence order and expressions that are acceptable or unacceptable in a language. These rules are applied systematically in order to generate adequate sentences in any language. The surface structure of the sentence refers to actual words or phrases (syntax) whereas deep structure is related to meaning. According to Chomsky, when we hear a sentence, the transformational grammar allows us to transform meaning into sentences and vice-versa. He argues that children are born able to learn the rules to transform deep structure into many different surface structures. Furthermore, Chomsky’s theory of â€Å"Universal Grammar† suggests that children are born with innate knowledge of grammatical principles and parameters common to all languages. This theory proposes that children only need to learn the vocabulary and constraints of their native language by means of contact with other people (e.g. use of explicit subject is required in English – â€Å"I am tired† while in Portuguese, it can be dropped – â€Å"Estou cansado†). ObservationalShow MoreRelatedChild Language Acquisition: Nature or Nurture?1645 Words   |  7 PagesChild language acquisition: nature or nurture? (final version) Introduction The study of language development, one of the most fascinating human achievements, has a long and rich history, extending over thousands of years (Chomsky, 2000). 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Digital Fortress Chapter 20 Free Essays

La Clinica de Salud Publica was actually a converted elementary school and didn’t much resemble a hospital at all. It was a long, one-story brick building with huge windows and a rusted swing set out back. Becker headed up the crumbling steps. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Fortress Chapter 20 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Inside, it was dark and noisy. The waiting room was a line of folding metal chairs that ran the entire length of a long narrow corridor. A cardboard sign on a sawhorse read oficina with an arrow pointing down the hall. Becker walked the dimly lit corridor. It was like some sort of eerie set conjured up for a Hollywood horror flick. The air smelled of urine. The lights at the far end were blown out, and the last forty or fifty feet revealed nothing but muted silhouettes. A bleeding woman†¦ a young couple crying†¦ a little girl praying†¦ Becker reached the end of the darkened hall. The door to his left was slightly ajar, and he pushed it open. It was entirely empty except for an old, withered woman naked on a cot struggling with her bedpan. Lovely. Becker groaned. He closed the door. Where the hell is the office? Around a small dog-leg in the hall, Becker heard voices. He followed the sound and arrived at a translucent glass door that sounded as if a brawl were going on behind it. Reluctantly, Becker pushed the door open. The office. Mayhem. Just as he’d feared. The line was about ten people deep, everyone pushing and shouting. Spain was not known for its efficiency, and Becker knew he could be there all night waiting for discharge info on the Canadian. There was only one secretary behind the desk, and she was fending off disgruntled patients. Becker stood in the doorway a moment and pondered his options. There was a better way. â€Å"Con permiso!† an orderly shouted. A fast-rolling gurney sailed by. Becker spun out of the way and called after the orderly. â€Å"?Donde esta el telefono?† Without breaking stride, the man pointed to a set of double doors and disappeared around the corner. Becker walked over to the doors and pushed his way through. The room before him was enormous-an old gymnasium. The floor was a pale green and seemed to swim in and out of focus under the hum of the fluorescent lights. On the wall, a basketball hoop hung limply from its backboard. Scattered across the floor were a few dozen patients on low cots. In the far corner, just beneath a burned-out scoreboard, was an old pay phone. Becker hoped it worked. As he strode across the floor, he fumbled in his pocket for a coin. He found 75 pesetas in cinco-duros coins, change from the taxi-just enough for two local calls. He smiled politely to an exiting nurse and made his way to the phone. Scooping up the receiver, Becker dialed Directory Assistance. Thirty seconds later he had the number for the clinic’s main office. Regardless of the country, it seemed there was one universal truth when it came to offices: Nobody could stand the sound of an unanswered phone. It didn’t matter how many customers were waiting to be helped, the secretary would always drop what she was doing to pick up the phone. Becker punched the six-digit exchange. In a moment he’d have the clinic’s office. There would undoubtedly be only one Canadian admitted today with a broken wrist and a concussion; his file would be easy to find. Becker knew the office would be hesitant to give out the man’s name and discharge address to a total stranger, but he had a plan. The phone began to ring. Becker guessed five rings was all it would take. It took nineteen. â€Å"Clinica de Salud Publica,† barked the frantic secretary. Becker spoke in Spanish with a thick Franco-American accent. â€Å"This is David Becker. I’m with the Canadian Embassy. One of our citizens was treated by you today. I’d like his information such that the embassy can arrange to pay his fees.† â€Å"Fine,† the woman said. â€Å"I’ll send it to the embassy on Monday.† â€Å"Actually,† Becker pressed, â€Å"it’s important I get it immediately.† â€Å"Impossible,† the woman snapped. â€Å"We’re very busy.† Becker sounded as official as possible. â€Å"It is an urgent matter. The man had a broken wrist and a head injury. He was treated sometime this morning. His file should be right on top.† Becker thickened the accent in his Spanish-just clear enough to convey his needs, just confusing enough to be exasperating. People had a way of bending the rules when they were exasperated. Instead of bending the rules, however, the woman cursed self-important North Americans and slammed down the phone. Becker frowned and hung up. Strikeout. The thought of waiting hours in line didn’t thrill him; the clock was ticking-the old Canadian could be anywhere by now. Maybe he had decided to go back to Canada. Maybe he would sell the ring. Becker didn’t have hours to wait in line. With renewed determination, Becker snatched up the receiver and redialed. He pressed the phone to his ear and leaned back against the wall. It began to ring. Becker gazed out into the room. One ring†¦ two rings†¦ three – A sudden surge of adrenaline coursed through his body. Becker wheeled and slammed the receiver back down into its cradle. Then he turned and stared back into the room in stunned silence. There on a cot, directly in front of him, propped up on a pile of old pillows, lay an elderly man with a clean white cast on his right wrist. Chapter 21 The American on Tokugen Numataka’s private line sounded anxious. â€Å"Mr. Numataka-I only have a moment.† â€Å"Fine. I trust you have both pass-keys.† â€Å"There will be a small delay,† the American answered. â€Å"Unacceptable,† Numataka hissed. â€Å"You said I would have them by the end of today!† â€Å"There is one loose end.† â€Å"Is Tankado dead?† â€Å"Yes,† the voice said. â€Å"My man killed Mr. Tankado, but he failed to get the pass-key. Tankado gave it away before he died. To a tourist.† â€Å"Outrageous!† Numataka bellowed. â€Å"Then how can you promise me exclusive-â€Å" â€Å"Relax,† the American soothed. â€Å"You will have exclusive rights. That is my guarantee. As soon as the missing pass-key is found, Digital Fortress will be yours.† â€Å"But the pass-key could be copied!† â€Å"Anyone who has seen the key will be eliminated.† There was a long silence. Finally Numataka spoke. â€Å"Where is the key now?† â€Å"All you need to know is that it will be found.† â€Å"How can you be so certain?† â€Å"Because I am not the only one looking for it. American Intelligence has caught wind of the missing key. For obvious reasons they would like to prevent the release of Digital Fortress. They have sent a man to locate the key. His name is David Becker.† â€Å"How do you know this?† â€Å"That is irrelevant.† Numataka paused. â€Å"And if Mr. Becker locates the key?† â€Å"My man will take it from him.† â€Å"And after that?† â€Å"You needn’t be concerned,† the American said coldly. â€Å"When Mr. Becker finds the key, he will be properly rewarded.† How to cite Digital Fortress Chapter 20, Essay examples

Ceasar Charater Analysis Essay Example For Students

Ceasar Charater Analysis Essay Ceasar Charater analysis Character Analysis Antony- What Cassius says about Antony: You know not whatthat which he will utter? Pg. 582 lines 233-236. This shows that the conspirators are afraid of what Antony will say in his oration to the mob. Cassius is trying to make Brutus see what Antony is really up to, but Brutus is too caught up in honor to notice. What Antony does: He speaks to the crowd making them feel sorry for him, ashamed of themselves, and hate the conspirators. He causes them to go into an angry rage in scene 3. What Antony feels: O pardon me thougentle with these butchers. Pg. 582 lines 254-236. Antony has made a deal with the conspirators that have killed his best friend. This quote is after the conspirators have left, and he is talking to the corpse of Caesar. He spills his true intentions and gives word of his counter conspiracy. He feels that even though the men are honorable, that they have butchered a man that could have been reasoned with and brought out of what it was he did wrong. What Antony says: Let each man render me his bloody handMy credit now stands on such slippery ground that one of two bad ways you must conceit me. Pg. 580 lines 184-194 He leads the conspirators on to trust him, when in fact, he wants to be able to speak to the mob. He uses a vicious pun so that he knows what he is talking about, but the conspirators think that he is simply talking about the blood on the ground being slippery. Caesar- What Caesar says: Et tu Brute? Then fall Caesar! Pg. 577 line 77 Caesar is shocked that Brutus, his most loyal friend would do this. His mask comes off at this point and shows his personal face. Throughout the play, he has put himself as an arrogant official, and only when he is around his friends does he show his true identity. This is so important because marks the point when Caesars spirit enters Antonys revenge. The play comes to its climax in this line. What Caesar does: Caesar refuses to let Publius Cimber back into Rome. He, in a way, kills himself by the way he responds. He puts himself up as a god-like man and almost says he is in control of his own destiny. This gives the conspirators final reason to kill him, and they do. What Antony says about Caesar: Through his oration, Antony shows all of Caesars good traits, and attacks the bad ones. He says that Caesar was generous, using the will as a testament to that, and he states that Caesar would weep with the people if ever the people wept. The Mob What the mob says: It is no matter, his name is Cinna. Pluck but his name out of his heart, and turn him going. Pg. 593 lines 30-31 The mob does not care that Cinna is not a conspirator. He just is unfortunately and ironically the first they stumble upon. More ironic is that his name is the same as one of the conspirators. The mix up of names can be deadly, and this is proof of it. What the mob does: Tear him, tear him! Come, brands. Ho, firebrands-to Brutus, to Cassius! Burn all. Burn Decius house and some to Cascas, some to Ligarius. Away, go! Pg. 593 lines 32-33. They murder the innocent Cinna because he, tragically, has the same name as a conspirator. The mob treats him indecently and unfairly, and he is killed as a result. Antony had riled the mob up, before this tragic scene. They were made to feel sorry for Antony and ashamed they had revoked Caesar. .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 , .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .postImageUrl , .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 , .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:hover , .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:visited , .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:active { border:0!important; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:active , .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5 .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc234a302677b2cb70306019f92bb07f5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aborigines And Their Place In Politics Essay They were after the conspirators. When they confront Cinna, Shakespeare shows them as an intelligent Roman mob. Even the best of people can be horrible in large groups. They brutally murder Cinna and have no remorse afterward. What Brutus thinks of the mob: Brutus conceives the mob as an inte. .lligent group of Romans. This is his flaw. He thinks that the citizens will accept his intellectual approach to the murder. He has put it on a higher plane that the mob cannot understand, so they are left confused and vulnerable to Antonys speech. Brutus What Brutus says: not that I loved Caesar less, but I loved Rome more. Brutus is addressing the angry crowd after the murder, trying to calm them with reasons. These reasons, however, are not only for the crowd. Brutus is attempting to convince himself that the murdering was a just cause. He uses Caesars ambition as another excuse, only trying to convince himself more. What Brutus does: Brutus gives the last blow to Caesar before he falls over in a lifeless lump on the floor. Brutus has betrayed his best friend, for an ideal. Caesar cannot believe this and takes off the mask of arrogance for just one moment before his death. We find it ironic that such a noble man, as Brutus would kill his most beloved friend and leader. What Antony says about Brutus: O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, that I am meek and gentle with these butchers! Antony, himself, can hardly believe what Brutus has done with the other conspirators, and talks to the bloody corpse in a strange confusion. He is implying, most undoubtedly, that Brutus was the worst of them all, and Antony was kindest to him. Cinna (the poet) What Cinna says: I dreamt tonight that I did feast with Caesar, and things unluckily charge my fantasy. I have no will to wander forth of doors, yet something leads me forth. Pg. 592 lines 1-4. Cinna knows that something is brewing amongst the gods, but he is still compelled to go forth with the day. Not only does this prediction foreshadow the bloody scenes of the following acts but also symbolizes Brutus in that his mind did not want to continue. Rome was the something that was leading him forth. What citizen 1 says about Cinna: Tear him to pieces. He is a conspirator. Pg. 593 line 26. The citizens have no remorse for the innocent poet and kill him quickly. This foreshadows the upcoming battle of Romans fighting Romans. Cassius What Cassius says: I fear our purpose is discovered. Pg. 575 line 17 and Be sudden for we fear prevention. Brutus, what shall be done? If this be knownI will slay myself. Pg. 575 lines 19-22. Cassius shows his paranoia and his fear of what Antony will do when he finds out. He shows how suicidal he is and that he will eventually kill himself due to stress. He is a weak man when he is under pressure, but he seeks change in his dull life as a Senator. To rid himself of some of the stress, he suggests that they also kill Antony. What Brutus says to Cassius: Cassius, be constant. Popilius Lena speaks not of our purposes. Pg. 575 lines 23-24 Brutus acknoledges Cassius paranoia, and tries to comfort him. This is very naive of him to try and bring Cassius defenses at a very crucial moment. What Cassius does: Stoop then, and wash. How many eyes hence shall this our lofty scene be acted over. Lines 111-112. Cassius says this to get support and love from Brutus. His line marks the transition form true reasons for killing Caesar and Roman honor to the primitive and bloody act they had just committed. Brutus does not realize this transition and continues with what he had come to do. The act of washing the blood symbolizes, to Cassius, that Brutus is washing his love for Caesar away, leaving room for Cassius. Casca While Casca himself does not play a large role in this act, he plays a large role later in the play because he was the first to strike Caesar, and in the back is even more significant. .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 , .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .postImageUrl , .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 , .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:hover , .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:visited , .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:active { border:0!important; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: tabl e; clear: both; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:active , .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880 .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u475b6c68b6aaf6b616f0ff0cd4a42880:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: International business law, go Essay

The Role of Technology in Facility Management A Case Study of the MacDonald Restaurants

Introduction Facility management comprises a broad continuum of services which require to build a suitable environment that can enhance performance of functions and activities for which the facility is intended for. The management activities of a facility entail the day to day activities which are critical in its operation and maintenance. For that matter, for the facility to operate to its peak efficiency and effectiveness, there must be measures put in place to promote its smooth operation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of Technology in Facility Management: A Case Study of the MacDonald Restaurants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, technology becomes an important tool that should be used to ensure facility’s smooth operation and proper maintenance. In relation to this, the MacDonald Restaurants are a group of hotels that have branches widespread in all the continents all o ver the world. Their core services offer catering and hotel services. Nonetheless, this group of hotels has been called the best catering service provider in the world on several occasions. For that reason, facility management in this organization is regarded as one of the driving forces behind the accolade performance in this line of business. However, their effective facility management has been attributed to effective use of technology. Therefore, this paper presents a research that was conducted in the field of facility management which was intended to determine the role of technology. the MacDonald Restaurants group was used as a case study. Moreover, challenges that exhibit themselves in facility management were also explored. In addition, the field of the facility management presented some opportunities and, therefore, they were also considered in the study. Nonetheless, emerging trends in this field were covered. Importantly, it is worth noting that this research was conduct ed to determine the relevance of technology in facility management particularly to the hospitality industry. For that matter, the results of the study were, therefore, generalized in the entire hospitality industry. Result of the research In relation to the research conducted, several issues relating to the role of technology in facility management were established. To begin with, it was evident that maintenance procedure in facility management can be computerized. This can be done in form of an automated maintenance system for the facility management. The automated information system can be used to manage the day to day activities by tracking and monitoring the status of the maintenance and related costs of those activities. On the other hand, the automated systems not only provide tools for managing activities metrics that are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the operations and maintenance activities. For that matter, it was established that for an organization that is able t o use automated systems in its operation and maintenance activities, key performance indicators are usually provided to be used as performance guidelines.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This leads to increased productivity due to effectiveness and efficiency that are key determinants for business growth. This was evident in the MacDonald Restaurants as the automated management systems were largely used for maintenance of their facilities. This was noted as one of the major contributions to its business growth. Moreover, it was established by the study carried out that introduction of technology to management of the facility resulted in delivering of services in a shorter period compared to the catering with the traditional systems. In addition, some services that are currently being provided by technology based systems did not used the manual systems. Just like Atk in and Adrian (108) affirmed the automation facilitated faster service provision than the traditional manual systems. Challenges facing the role of technology in facility management Technologies have been regarded as a panacea to effective management of business activities. This is still the case in facility management since a lot of stakeholders regard technology as the best solution to management problems of these facilities. In relation to this, the study carried out established that application of technology in facility management had challenges that threatened their effective management. To begin with, it was evident from the research conducted that application of technology in this organization raised the issue of obsolescence. Users of the technological systems that are applied in management of facilities in MacDonald Restaurants were more concerned with technology becoming obsolete too fast. This was attributed to its high rate of advancement. Therefore, the advancement dict ates that the systems should be changed from time to time. After a very short period, replacement of systems in the organization raises the operational expenses of the organization which at some point contribute to poor financial performance. Moreover, it was acknowledged by Piercy (56) that any technological system is likely to fail in the process of its operation. This is a challenge that technology experiences in the management of facilities. In the design of any system, its engineering is usually assumed to be in a remarkable state. Therefore, prediction of its failure is normally elusive at this point. However, the more complex the technology may appear, the more likely it is to fail. According to Tichy (89), any technology can fail because of different reasons which include mismatch of the modules, poor design and development among other reasons. As a result, it was established by the study that technology failure results in more adverse and costly consequences. For instance, critical failure of these systems leads to disruption of processes, especially if they are real time systems where irreversible effects are usually used.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of Technology in Facility Management: A Case Study of the MacDonald Restaurants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, these unpredicted risks can result in the total failure of the entire system, hence paralyzing activities of the organization. In relation to this, the study established that most organizations usually try to put in place measures that are designed to minimize or prevent the failures. In most cases, this usually increases their total operating costs. In addition, it was acknowledged by Atkin and Adrian (23) that any technology always presents some side effects. Furthermore, it was established by the study conducted in the MacDonald Restaurants that despite having the technology with the d esired benefits to the organization, it also presents some unwarranted effects which affect the organization negatively. For instance, it was stated by Tichy (103) that working conditions of a system might be safer when the substances are molded rather than when they are squashed. Moreover, in some cases, substances that are used in the production may affect the workers as well as harm the entire public in general. For instance, workers who constantly use computers in their work processes in facility management usually suffer eye related problems which in turn lead to isolation by others. In regard to this, it was acknowledged by Nutt and Peter (42) that these effects affect not only big technologies but also their small counterparts. For instance, it was found out due to the research conducted that ordinary technologies normally applied on a small scale in the hotel industry have collective side effects in their usage. For instance, though refrigerators which are used on an every d ay basis have constructively contributed to preservation of food, they have a gas outflow in their cooling system which has a negative impact on the surroundings. Still, it was postulated by David et al (34) that these negative effects are usually not expected because of lack of resources to foresee them. Moreover, most of them are not predictable because of their complexity. As a result, Tichy (54) postulated that some side effects have turned out to be economically unacceptable, unethical and in some cases resulting to conflicts in the organizations in which they are being used. Opportunities of technology in facility management Technology presents a broad range of opportunities in facility management. According to David et al (24), this fact is ascribed to the fact that organizations usually have the aim of keeping low operational costs. Therefore, integration of technology in the management activities becomes one of the aims that can be achieved. As a result, organizations, such as the MacDonald Restaurants, have opted to adoption of technology in their operations in order to keep their operational cost at a reasonably low levelThus, according to the research conducted, it was established that the need for innovation in organizations presents bountiful opportunities for the incorporation of technology in facility management.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In respect to this, it was evident from the study conducted that there is a need for quantity and quality changes in support services. This is usually required in the facility management as it provides an opportunity for technology to be incorporated in their management. For instance, opportunity to use technology can come in through application of a central support desk in the organization. Bigger organizations may be comprised of numerous departments which may be dispersed from each other. In such environments, it was believed by Atkin and Adrian (145) that a centralized support desk should be put in place in order to handle queries. Therefore, this provides an opportunity to incorporate technology. The technological tools, such as information communication technologies, can provide such kind of services in a manual based environment effectively. Moreover, the need for sustainability has resulted in an increased need for innovation in organizations operations. This has in turn fur ther opportunities for technology incorporation. For that matter, using technology in facility management remains one of the ways through which organizations have stretched their resources for sustainability. For instance, from the study conducted, it was established that organizations are adopting enterprise resource planning systems which help attain higher level of sustainability. From the study, it was established that enterprise resource planning systems contribute immensely to achieving effective service delivery. As a result, the need for sustainability has brought forth technological innovation in the facility management operations in organizations. For instance, the need to save on space has given technology an opportunity to be applied in the facility management functions. This has, therefore, influence the space management functions that are used to attain sustainability. For instance, technology is applied in creation of space inventory that is desired to manage organiza tion’s space more economically and effectively. Moreover, technology is also put in use to manage equipment and furniture through tracking techniques which as a result, lead to facilities accountability. According to Georgoulis (89), accountability of equipment that is facilitated by automated systems has resulted in sustainability of these organizations. This was exhibited through the study carried out in the MacDonald Restaurants as the effective management of their facilities was attributed to application of automated systems. Moreover, due to the need for sustainability of business activities in terms of information management, there has been creation of opportunities for technology. For instance, space management issues have resulted in the need of using technology in management of organization’s databases. For example, from the study conducted, it was established that database management systems are largely applied in management of their information. This is take n as one of the best mechanisms of managing space in the organization. Additionally, application of database management systems also enhances sustainability of organizations through provision of effective and efficient services to stakeholders. This is made possible due to its capability of providing a bi-directional interface that is able to connect different departments of the organization remotely. Nevertheless, it was opined by Gerard (27) that challenges that present themselves to the organization are opportunities through which technology can be banked on its advancement. For instance, in the operation of these organizations, environmental factors, such as accelerated population growth and continued depletion of energy resources, present negative challenges to organizations. However, despite these factors having negative effects, they show an opportunity for technology application in trying to solve them. Therefore, this gives an opportunity to design sustainable technologies that can utilize the limited resources more effectively in order to make these organizations robust in their activities. This was evident from the research conducted in the MacDonald Restaurants which indicated that the company adopted new technologies in their facility management in order to save on resources that could deplete natural resources in the environment. Furthermore, facility management presents security issues that need to be addressed to assure long term sustainability. For that reason, they present a number of opportunities to technology since in the current times, security is provided by automated systems. This is so since security systems have advanced over time, hence they provide facility managers with the capability to expand the scope of their security measures. For instance, instead of using traditional guards, organizations are adopting new technologies by current developments, such as cameras and sensor systems, which are real time operational systems that ar e able to give signals to key operational situations. This was evident from the study conducted since it emerged that the group of restaurants had replaced all their physical security measures with automated systems that were able to secure their facility. This was done through application of tracking systems which were able to trace every facility within their premise. In relation to this, it is acknowledged by Barrett and David (235) that organizations began applying automated intelligence systems which are able to monitor any aspect of the facility being managed. This has, however, resulted in a value proposition for organizations since they became able to monitor all operations. For example, in retail business setting as that of the MacDonald Restaurants, the system is able to track movement in and out of the storage rooms and also check those of the products purchased and sold. As a result, the organization is able to gain some value in the facility management. Trends in the ro le of technology in facility management In facility management just like other disciplines, there are several expected trends. These trends are projected to shape the way the discipline will be managed in the future. For that matter, these trends of technology in facility management can be broadly categorized into three. These are externally motivated trends, internally motivated trends and organizationally motivated trends. To begin with, externally motivated trends are usually determined by the societal factors. For instance, according to Nutt and Peter (231), the need for sustainability by organizations in their business operations is a trend that will continue to be experienced. This is ascribed to the fact that competition in the environment is steadily growing hence the need to position an organization strategically to have some competitive edge. Therefore, for that to be possible, it is believed by Elaine (136) that sustainability in the present business operation is only mad e possible by adoption of technology which is robust in the business environment. Therefore, as the rate of competition in the operating environment increases, thus the adoption of technology will be necessary to maintain the sustainability required. As a result, the trend for sustainability in facility management will continuously increase. Moreover, the external motivated trends dictate that systems that result in complex building structures will continue to offer challenges and opportunities. These will increase integration of technology in the management of facilities in these organizations. This implies that the more the building technology continues to grow, the more technology will be required to be integrated into their management. However, it was acknowledged by Thomas and Christopher (94) that this trend will result in the need to train professionals in the field of facility management. This is so since development of complicated technology will surely arise the need of ad vanced skills and knowledge to manage these facilities. Contrary to the emergence of the complex structures in the future, it is also important to acknowledge that with the existing building structures, the future trends are also categorized by aging. This, therefore, brings forth the challenges of management since these structures and current systems are likely to exceed their desired operating lives hence bringing in the issue of replacing or repairing them. Consequently, this will mean spending an additional cost in the management of these facilities. In addition, the second trend in the role of technology in facility management relates to internally motivated trends. According to Tichy (78), these are trends that originate from within the discipline of facility management itself. For instance, Effy (34) alluded that the data was increasing in complexity and quantity which in some cases, overwhelmed effort of their management. However, despite the current increase in quantity and complexity, it still expected that this would continue to be the trend in facility management. This is likely to result to information overload that poses a risk to its effective management. For that matter, this trend is likely to present negative effects in management of these facilities. This was affirmed by the research conducted in the MacDonald Restaurants since automated systems that were used to manage their facilities were noted to collect and process a lot of information. This was feared that it could lead to information overload if necessary measures were not put in place. Lastly, the third trend relates to organizationally motivated trends which originate from the organization itself. For instance, in most organizations, there are trends of increasing and expanding expectations of management of these facilities to include both business and technical acumen. This requires to have a developed skill set for the individuals to manage these activities. Nonetheless, it is als o expected that the trends will change the working styles significantly in order to conform to the new technologies that will be in place. According to Piercy (23), due to the technological changes and advancement that are being experienced in facility management, working styles will also considerably change. Therefore, organizations should always be willing and ready to adapt to the new technology and working styles. This was affirmed by the research conducted in the MacDonald Restaurants which showed that automated systems keep on changing from time to time and as they do so, working styles are also forced to follow them. Conclusion To wind up, it is important to acknowledge that facility management presents a variety of opportunities to technology. This has made technology to be one of the key aspects of facility management discipline. However, it is also relatively important to note that application of technology in facility management is faced by several challenges. Nonetheless , it is important to establish a balance between the weaknesses and strengths of using technology in order to have an equilibrium that will guarantee the effectiveness and efficiency of facility management as required. Nevertheless, it is acknowledged by David et al (112) that challenges that face facility management in themselves present an opportunity through which technology can explore in order to provide better service delivery. For instance, it is believed that challenges relating to negative environmental effects that may be viewed as results of activities of facility management can be addressed smoothly through use of technology that is environmental friendly. On the other hand, it is important to acknowledge that there are several trends that are expected to exhibit themselves in the field of facility management. These trends are likely to create new opportunities in the integration of technology in the facility management. They are broadly classified into three categories of internally, externally and organizationally motivated issues. In all these trends, they provide opportunity for technology to be integrated in the management of facilities. Therefore, they should be capitalized on to improve service delivery. In conclusion, from the research conducted in the MacDonald Restaurants, it was established that technology has a major role in the facility management to hospitality industry in a wider spectrum. This ranges from provision of security to the facility and its accountability. Therefore, it is relatively important for facility managers to prioritize integrating technology in their management activities and functions. For that matter, as the hospitality industry evolves over time, it is important for this aspect to be prioritized in order to gain management effectiveness and efficiency. Therefore, it is recommended for the hotel managers to adopt technology in the management of their organizations. Moreover, they should keep on changing with te chnology to be able to remain relevant in the business environment. This will surely guarantee their competitive edge. Works Cited Atkin, Brian and Adrian Brooks. Management. Hong Kong: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Print. Barrett, Peter and David Baldry. Facilities Management Towards Best Practices. London: Blackwell Publishing, 2009. Print. David, Cotts, Roper, Kathy and Richard Payant. The Facility management Handbook. New York: Broadway, 2010. Print. Effy, Owen. Management Information Systems. London: Cengage Learning, Inc, 2009. Print. Elaine, Brian. The 2011 Pfeiffer Anuall: Consulting. London: John Wiey Sons, Inc. 2011. Print. Georgoulis, Stephen. Facility Management: A Profession at Risk. Arizona: Arizona State University Press, 2010. Print. Gerard, Blokdijk. IT Management 100 Success Secrets. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Print. Nutt, Bev and Peter McLennan. Facility Management Risks Opportunities. London: Blackwell Publishing, 2009. Print. Piercy, Newton. Management Informat ion System: The Technology Challenge. London: Croom Helm Ltd, 2004. Print. Thomas, Christopher and Christopher Gregory. Organizational Development Change. U.S: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Tichy, Michael. Managing Strategic Change: Technical, Political and Cultural Dynamics. London: John Wiey Sons, Inc, 2009. Print. This research paper on The Role of Technology in Facility Management: A Case Study of the MacDonald Restaurants was written and submitted by user Carle1gh to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Impact of the P-51 Mustang essays

Impact of the P-51 Mustang essays Not until the advent of the North American P-51 Mustang fighter, and all of the improvements, benefits, and side effects that it brought with it, that the Allies were able to achieve superiority over the Germans. The Allies knew that they would have to drive German industry to a brink of failure in order to win the war. The problem was that all the factories, refineries, and other industry-related structures were located inland. This problem called for the use of bombers. In order for the bombers to be successful they would have to drop bombs harassed by AAA and be able to return on new missions in the hours or days to come. The problem again was that the Allies did not have this type of superiority so they could not use bombers without the threat of being shot down by the Germans, who kept on moving in. The Allies realized they would have to start destroying more German fighters. So the invention and development of the North American P-51 Mustang began to take place. In April of 1940, the president of North American Aviation, Dutch Kindleberger, visited the head of the aircraft division of the British Purchasing Commission, Sir Henry Self, asking him if he would like to purchase some bombers. Self was not interested but instead told him that Curtiss Company had a new fighter design but was too busy to build it. Kindleberger went to see Curtiss and bought their fighter design for $56,000. He promised Self to have the planes ready to fly by September 1941. The prototype of the NA-73 however, was ready in October of 1940 and proved to be of excellent design. It had a revolutionary wing design that allowed it to fly at high speeds without adverse compression effects. The engineers also worked especially hard on making the plane as aerodynamic as possible by making the fuselage as narrow as possible and sitting the cockpit low in the fuselage. When the NA-73 was mass-produced it was then called the P-51, and was p...

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

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Professionalization of modern sport For Profit or Glory Coursework

Professionalization of modern sport For Profit or Glory - Coursework Example This has led to more time for the people to attend and followed spectator sports. With the advent of mass media in the contemporary world, these trends continued progressing at a faster rate leading to professionalism in sports. Today, professionalism in sports has become prevalent. This has further increased the popularity of sports as the fans of the sports begin following the exploits of professionals athletes. This happens through mass media, all while enjoying the exercise and the competition that is mostly associated with the amateurs participating in sports. The development of today’s football is closely related to the industrialization process. Most of the Britain’s new working class inhabitants of the industrial towns and cities are seeking fresh forms of enjoying leisure collectively. In addition, the increase in the levels of adult literacy has also spurred the mass media to cover sports that are organized such as football. The popularity of football has played a huge role in eroding the public interest in other sports like cricket (Szymanski 1998). The issue of professionalism in football reached a crisis in England in the year 1884 when football association (FA) expelled two clubs for using players who were professionals. However, players receiving wages had become a common thing by then that the FA had no powered but to sanction the practice a year later. With the growing influence of the players who were working, the upper classes were forced to seek refuge in other sports. With modernization, professionalism in football was inevitable. This led to the establishment of a football league that led to the competition among several teams. During this time, several clubs in England were owned and controlled by businessmen but the shareholders were receiving low dividends if any. Their main reward was only enhanced by the status of the public through running of the local clubs

Impact of Technology Throughout Aviation Term Paper

Impact of Technology Throughout Aviation - Term Paper Example This paper will begin with the history of aviation methods, systems, and equipment that were used prior to the 21st century. The information provided will include laws and regulations, environmental issues, safety procedures, training, design, and management that have been incorporated to enhance aircraft operations across the various levels of an organization. By reviewing actual accident reports, this project will show how these unfortunate events have enabled us to learn from them and create new technologies to help prevent future accidents. Finally, I will discuss current ideas that are being tested and what they could do to further improve aviation. Program Outcomes Addressed Critical Thinking Several economical and management concepts are adopted in the aviation industry, like the utilization of the fuel types, the training of the staff and conducting tests mechanically and economically may improve the economics as well as the reputation of the aviation industry. The latest ide as involve the economical as well as environmental perspectives. Most of the time, the economic perspective dominated the environmental perspective. However, the modern technology like the utilization of bigger planes in the aviation is good economically as well as environmentally, as it reduces the amount of emissions per person regarding the aviation industry. ... Mostly, aviation planes utilize the turbofan jet engine, which comes in the category of gas turbine engines. However, in the modern era the maintenance of security is another bigger aim for the aviation industry. The aviation is not only influenced by the internal threats but also external threats, while terrorism is the biggest risk the aviation industry is facing today. The most probable solution is to limit the personal with some notably uniqueness or having some default personality or carrying some different kind of goods with him. After 9/11, the risk of terrorist attacks was increased due to lacking in each and every system that is utilized in the aviation. However, several tactics are employed to make the system better. The betterments not only help in improving the security but consequently attract more number of passengers each year, which benefits the aviation much economically. Quantitative Reasoning The project utilizes the quantitative methods of research and reasoning. In quantitative data conclusion are made by utilizing the information and the observations. However, the collection of information utilizes various steps in defining the concepts. The most important factor is the verification of the sources. Dedicated sources like the government publications and the companies’ publications can be considered as reliable sources. However, books are the most dominant and verified sources. In this project both primary as well as secondary data collection methods are utilized to enhance the data validity. However, much information is available on different sources on the topic. It is very difficult to choose the credible sources, thus it is important to collect the raw data from as many sources and extract

Pathology of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Pathology of Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by painful inflammatory autoimmune disorder by di-arthrodial joints, the wide of production of cytokines, and destruction of joints (see the fig.1). Thickness of cells up to 5 to 8 multiples of synovium and as well as the turnout of subintima to be loose tissue of granulomatous inflammation. Pannus which tissue recognized, then destroyed by invading the bone and cartilage. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory imbalance are expressed on induction RA a synovitis (Feldmann, 2002). Fig1. Show a healthy and Rheumatoid Arthritis bones joint. The pathology of RA by promoting the maintain the inflammatory (erosive) synovitis, and joint tissue of adjacent are destruction, William McCann, 2008, contribution towards the blood bone cells are (Feldmann,2002) rheumatoid arthritics synovial fibroblasts, dendritic cells, macrophages, plasma cells, T cells, B cells and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. RA play an essential role of resident cells which gradually (Feldmann,2002) that contributed the bones degradation, cartilage and soft tissues while they secretion of matrix metalllo- proteases are developed and molecules are adhesion, then towards contributed in loss of range of joint motion and malformation, also premature mortality are contributed in many other similar cases. cytokines have been implicated in each phase of the pathogens disease are involved by cytokinesis. Often target as a TNFÃŽÂ ± is a standard treatment for RA. Role of rheumatoid arthritics Cytokines TH1 is linked with early studies of RA. Essential arbitrator are consider as a cytokine which they produced lower quantities of inflammatory response, even though they are the biological impact while they producing the less quantities, event of initiating downstream successive, drug discovery which target to identification of fundamental role of cytokines on RA are disorder driven by T cells populations that manufacture the cytokines inflammatory. Several techniques are carry out by many research group were observed the primary analysis of cytokines, which detect TNFa (Tumor necrosis factor alpha) on RA and TNFb in nit. After finding TNF and cytokines IL-1 are came up with many questions, was not detected without any satisfaction answer, local synovial joints are produced by arbitrators, in that case which cell are responsible to RA? consequently, all used alienate rheumatoid arthritis synovial membrane Brennan et, mono-nuclear cells to distinguish between the presence on o ne of a kind cytokines in the RA of pathology Table 1. Shows the presence of cytokines in RA synovial cells are listed below. Spontaneously produced cytokines by RA Profile of Arthritis Cytokine IL-1ÃŽÂ ² IL-1RA LT IL-2 IL-3 IL-12 MIP-3ÃŽÂ ± IL-17 IL-23 TNFÃŽÂ ± TGFÃŽÂ ² IFNT PDGF-A PDGF-B RANTES G-CSF GM-CSF TGFB Abbreviations of protein has been proved: TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; IL-1ÃŽÂ ², Interleukin-1 beta; IL-1RA, IL-1 Receptor Antagonist; LT, lymphotoxin; MIP-3ÃŽÂ ±, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 3 alpha; TGFÃŽÂ ², Transforming Growth Factor beta-1; TNFÃŽÂ ±, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; IFNT, interferon gamma; PDGF-A, platelet derived growth factor alpha, PDGF-B; RANTES, regulated on activation normal T expressed and secretion; G-CSF, granulocytes colony stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocytes macrophages colony stimulating factor; TGFB, transforming factor beta. TNF alpha and IL-1 are vital in mediating irritation in RA. Randomized section II and III clinical trials of anti-TNF reagents (infliximab and etanercept) have validated a suitable safety profile and marked medical efficacy in instances of RA that have no longer replied thoroughly to conventional therapy. One anti-TNF reagent has already been approved within the U.S. for the remedy of RA, and other cytokine antagonists or agonists are under improvement. Experimental findings in TNF-deficient mouse fashions advocate that TNF inhibitors may also trade the sickness process of RA and bring about the ability of immunological remission, elevating the possibility of a treatment excursion of TNF inhibitors after in depth treatment. References    Feldmann M, Brennan FM, Maini RN. 2002. Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8717520. [Accessed 8 December 2016]. McCann, William. 2008. The role of physical activity in rheumatoid arthritis. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18234247. [Accessed 15 December 2016]. Genetics Home Reference. 2017. rheumatoid arthritis Genetics Home Reference. [ONLINE] Available at: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/rheumatoid-arthritis. [Accessed 22 January 2017]. Next stage of RA treatment: is TNF inhibitor-free remission a possible treatment goal? Tanaka Annals of the Rheumatic Disease. 2017. Next stage of RA treatment: is TNF inhibitor-free remission a possible treatment goal? Tanaka Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. [ONLINE] Available at: http://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2012/12/18/annrheumdis-2012-202350.abstract. [Accessed 22 January 2017]. Cytokines Rheumatoid Arthritis. 2017. Cytokines Rheumatoid Arthritis. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ebioscience.com/knowledge-center/antigen/cytokines/rheumatoid-arthritis.htm. [Accessed 22 January 2017].

The Use of Imagery in Goldsworthys Novel Maestro :: Literary Techniques, Literary Device

what is imagery?, Imagery is the use of vivid description, usually rich in sensory words, to create pictures, or images, to stimulate your memory. These memories can be positive or negative which authors use to connect and engage a reader by describing the five sense’s, hearing, taste, touch, smell and sight. By using imagery a author can draw the reader inside a book making him/her feel connected to the character, place, thing or event and to try and make the reader feel or see what the author wants the reader to see. This is achieved in the novel maestro, written by Goldsworthy. The short novel, is divided into seven sections which talks about Paul Crabbe development as a person and as a musician. Each section also unfolds further information about the life and career of Edward Keller. Edward Keller is a Viennese pianist who teaches Paul which is his student. It is written from a journal sporadically kept by Paul in his youth but edited by him as a disillusioned adult, a fter Keller's death. The first main image outlined by Goldsworthy is when Paul first meets Keller and a instant impression is gained. leaving the responder with a clear image of Keller that is remembered through out the novel. Keller is from a European decent struggling to fit into the town which differs him from Paul , these differences are reminded to the reader through out the book . It is because of these differences of this stereotypical European that gives Paul and the reader such a strong image of Keller which is kept in both the reader and Paul’s mind. This variance is given to the reader when Goldsworthy tells the reader of Paul’s first impression of Keller: a boozers . incandescent glow. The pitted sun-coarsened skin-a cheap, ruined leather. And the eyes: an old mans wobbling jellies(3). This can be related to the movie-The Wogboy, (directed by Aleksi Vellius), which gives great insight into other's perceptions of the stereotypical personas in today's society. The â€Å"wogb oy† can be related to Goldsworthy’s novel, two of the main characters are from two different backgrounds the women being from Australia and the man from European who lives like a typical wog in an Australian city.

Solving Quadratic Equations

While the ultimate goal is the same, to determine the value(s) that hold true for the equation, solving quadratic equations requires much more than simply isolating the variable, as is required in solving linear equations. This piece will outline the different types of quadratic equations, strategies for solving each type, as well as other methods of solutions such as Completing the Square and using the Quadratic Formula. Knowledge of factoring perfect square trinomials and simplifying radical expression are needed for this piece. Let’s take a look! Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation ax2+ bx+c=0Where a, b, and c are integers and a? 1 I. To solve an equation in the form ax2+c=k, for some value k. This is the simplest quadratic equation to solve, because the middle term is missing. Strategy: To isolate the square term and then take the square root of both sides. Ex. 1) Isolate the square term, divide both sides by 2 Take the square root of both sides 2Ãâ€"2=40 2Ãâ€"22= 40 2 x2 =20 Remember there are two possible solutions x2= 20 Simplify radical; Solutions x=  ± 20 x= ± 25 (Please refer to previous instructional materials Simplifying Radical Expressions ) II. To solve a quadratic equation arranged in the form ax2+ bx=0.Strategy: To factor the binomial using the greatest common factor (GCF), set the monomial factor and the binomial factor equal to zero, and solve. Ex. 2) 12Ãâ€"2- 18x=0 6x2x-3= 0Factor using the GCF 6x=0 2x-3=0Set the monomial and binomial equal to zero x=0 x= 32Solutions * In some cases, the GCF is simply the variable with coefficient of 1. III. To solve an equation in the form ax2+ bx+c=0, where the trinomial is a perfect square. This too is a simple quadratic equation to solve, because it factors into the form m2=0, for some binomial m. For factoring instructional methods, select The Easy Way to Factor Trinomials ) Strategy: To factor the trinomial, set each binomial equal to zero, and solve. Ex. 3) x2+ 6x+9=0 x+32=0Factor as a perfect square x+3x+3= 0Not necessary, but valuable step to show two solutions x+3=0 x+3=0Set each binomial equal to zero x= -3 x= -3Solve x= -3Double root solution IV. To solve an equation in the form ax2+ bx+c=0, where the trinomial is not a perfect square, but factorable. Similar to the last example, this is a simple quadratic equation to solve, because it factors into the form mn=0, for some binomials m and n.Strategy: To factor the trinomial, set each binomial equal to zero, and solve. Ex. 4) 2Ãâ€"2-x-6=0 * Using the factoring method from The Easy Way to Factor Trinomials, we need to find two number that multiply to give ac, or -12, and add to give b, or -1. These values are -4 and 3. Rewrite the trinomial with these two values as coefficients to x that add to the current middle term of -1x. 2Ãâ€"2- 4x+3x-6=0Rewrite middle term 2Ãâ€"2- 4x+3x-6=0 2xx-2+ 3x-2= 0Factor by grouping x-22x+3= 0Factor out the common binomial (x-2) x-2=0 2x+3=0Set each binomial equal to zero x=2 x= -32Solutions V.To solve a quadratic equation not arranged in the form ax2+ bx+c=0, but factorable. Strategy: To combine like terms to one side, set equal to zero, factor the trinomial, set each binomial equal to zero, and solve. Ex. 5) 6Ãâ€"2+ 2x-3=9x+2 -9x -9x 6Ãâ€"2- 7x-3= 2 -2 -2 6Ãâ€"2- 7x-5=0 * To factor this trinomial, we are looking for two numbers that multiply to give ac, or -30, and add to give b, or -7. These values would be 3 and -10. Rewrite the trinomial with these two values as coefficients to x that add to the current middle term of -7x. 6Ãâ€"2+ 3x-10x-5=0Rewrite middle term 6Ãâ€"2+ 3x-10x-5=0 3x2x+1-52x+1=0Factor by grouping Careful factoring a -5 from the second group 2x+13x-5=0 Factor out the common binomial (2x+1) 2x+1=0 3x-5=0 Set each binomial equal to zero x= -12 x= 53Solutions Now that we have explored some examples, I’d like to take this time to summarize the strategies used thus far in solving quadratic equations. Keeping in mind the goal is to isolate the variable, the format of the equation will dictate the strategy used to solve. When the quadratic does not have a middle term, a term with a power of 1, it is best to first isolate the squared term, and then take the square root of both sides.This essentially will result in two solutions of opposite values. For quadratics that do not have a c-value, arrange the equation so that ax2+ bx=0, and then factor using the GCF. Set the monomial, or the GCF, and the binomial equal to zero and solve. When the quadratic has one or more ax2’s, bx’s, and c’s, the like terms need to be combined to one side of the equation and set equal to zero before determining if the trinomial can be factored. Once factored, set each binomial equal to zero and solve. Keep in mind while combining like terms that a must be an integer greater than or equal to 1.The solutions to cases such as these may result in a double root solution, found when the trinomial is factored as a perfect square, or two unique solutions, found when the trinomial is factored into two unique binomials. There may be other cases where a GCF can be factored out of the trinomial before factoring occurs. Since this unit is focused on solving quadratic equations, the GCF would simply be a constant. The next example to illustrates while it’s helpful to factor out the GCF before factoring the trinomial, it is not imperative to do so and has no impact on the solution of the quadratic equation. VI.To solve a quadratic equation in which there is a GCF among the terms of a trinomial. Strategy (A : To determine the GCF between the terms of the trinomial once it is in standard form, factor out the GCF, factor the trinomial, set each binomial equal to zero, and then solve. Ex. 6A) 12Ãâ€"2- 22x+6=0 26Ãâ€"2- 11x+3=0 * To factor this trinomial, we are looking for two numbers that multiply to give ac, or 18, and add to give b, or -11. These values would be -9 and -2. Rewrite the trinomial with these two values as coefficients to x that add to the current middle term of -11x. 26Ãâ€"2- 9x-2x+3=0Factor out the GCF of 2 from each term 3x2x-3- 12x-3=0Factor by grouping 22x-33x-1=0Factor out the common binomial (2x-3) 2x-3=0 3x-1=0Set each binomial equal to zero x= 32 x= 13 Solutions Strategy (B): To factor the trinomial, set each binomial equal to zero, and solve. Ex. 6B) 12Ãâ€"2- 22x+6=0 * To factor this trinomial, we are looking for two numbers that multiply to give ac, or 72, and add to give b, or -22. These values would be -18 and -4. Rewrite the trinomial with these two values as coefficients to x that add to the current middle term of -22x. 12Ãâ€"2- 18x-4x+6=0 x2x-3- 22x-3=0Factor by grouping 2x-36x-2= 0Factor out the common binomial (2x-3) 2x-3=0 6x-2=0 Set each binomial equal to zero x= 32 x= 26= 13Solutions * Notice in Ex 6A, since the GCF did not have a variable. The purpose of factoring and setting each binomial equal to zero is to solve for the possible value(s) for the variable that result in a zero product. If the GCF does not have a variable, it is not possible for it to make a product of zero. With that said, in later topics there will be cases where a GCF will include a variable, leaving a factorable trinomial.This type of case results in a possibility of three solutions for the variable, as seen in the example below. 3xx2+ 5x+6=0 3xx+2x+3=0 3x=0 x+2=0 x+3=0 x=0 x= -2 x= -3 At this point we need to transition to solving quadratics equations that do not have trinomials that are factorable. To solve these types of equations, we have two options, (1) to Complete the Square, and (2) to use the Quadratic Formula. Essentially, these two methods yield the same solution when left in simplified radical form. For the remainder of this unit I will o the following: * Explain how to Complete the Square * Provide examples utilizing the Completing the Square method * Prove the Quadratic Formula starting with Completing the Square * Provide examples solving equations using the Quadratic Formula * Provide an example that parallels all three methods in this unit * Provide instructional strategies for solving quadratic equations VII. How to Complete the Square Goal: To get x ±m2=k , where m and k are real numbers and k? 0 For equations that are not factorable and in the form ax2+ bx+c=0 where a=1, 1.Move constant term to the side opposite the variable x. 2. Take 12 of b and square the result. 3. Add this term to both sides. 4. Create your perfect square set equal to some constant value k? 0. VIII. To solve quadratic equations using the Completing the Square method. Ex. 7)x2+ 6x-5=0 * Since there are no two integers that multiply to give ac, or -5, and add to give b, or 6, this trinomial is not factorable, and therefore, Completing the Square must be used to solve for x. x2+ 6x+ _____ =5+ _____ Move constant to the right x2+ 6x+ 62 2=5+ 62 2Take 12b, square it and add it to both sides 2+ 6x+9=14Simplify x+32=14Factor trinomial as a perfect square x+32= 14Take the square root of both sides x+3=  ± 14Simplify x= -3  ± 14Solve for x; Solutions Ex. 8) 2Ãâ€"2+ 16x=4 * Before proceeding with Completing the Square, notice a? 1 and the constant term is already on the opposite side of the variable terms. First step must be to divide both sides of the equation by 2. x2+ 8x=2Result after division by 2 x2+ 8x+ _____ =2+ _____ Preparation for Completing the Square x2+ 8x+ 82 2=2 + 82 2 Take 12b, square it and add it to both sides x2+ 8x+16=18 Simplify x+42=18Factor trinomial as a perfect square +42= 18Take the square root of both sides x+4=  ± 32Simplify x= -4  ±32Solve for x; Solutions At any point during the solving process, if a negative value exists under the radical, there will be NO REAL SOLUTION to the equation. These types of equations will be explored later once the imaginary number system has been learned. IX. Quadratic Formula The Quadratic Formula is another method to solving a quadratic equation. L et’s take a look at how the standard form of a quadratic equation can be transformed into the Quadratic Formula using the Completing the Square method.Ensure a coefficient of 1 for x2 by dividing by a, and move the constant term to the right ax2+ bx+c=0Standard Form of a quadratic equation ax2a+ bxa+ c a= 0 a x2+ b ax+ c a= 0 x2+ b ax= – c a * The square of half of what is now the b term, or the middle term, is 12 †¢ b a2= b2a2= b24a2 Complete the Square Get common denominator on the right Factor trinomial as a perfect square Take the square root of both sides Simplify Solve for x Quadratic Formula x2+ b ax+ b24a2 = – c a + b24a2 x2+ b ax+ b24a2 = – 4ac 4a2 + b24a2 x2+ b ax+ b24a2 = -4ac+b24a2 + b 2a2= -4ac+b24a2 x+ b 2a2= -4ac+b24a2 x+ b2a=  ± -4ac+ b22a x= -b 2a  ± -4ac+ b22a x= -b  ± b2- 4ac2a X. To solve quadratic equations using the Quadratic Formula. Ex 9. ) 2Ãâ€"2- 8x+ 5=0 a=2 b= -8 c=5 Substitute Evaluate Subtract Simplify radical Simp lify fraction; Solutions x= -b  ± b2- 4ac2a x= –8  ± -82- 42522 x= 8  ± 64 – 404 x= 8  ± 244 x= 8  ± 264 x= 4  ± 62 Ex. 10) 2x=5-4Ãâ€"2 * Notice this equation is not in the standard form for quadratic equations. Before identifying the values for a, b and c, the equation must be arranged in ax2+ bx+c=0 form.After adding 4Ãâ€"2 and subtracting 5, we get 4Ãâ€"2+ 2x-5=0 a=4 b= 2 c=-5 Substitute Evaluate Add Simplify x= -b  ± b2- 4ac2a x= -2  ± 22- 44-524 x= -2  ± 4+808 x= -2  ± 848 x= -2  ± 2218 Simplify fraction; Solution x= -1  ± 214 As in Completing the Square, if a negative value results under the radical, there’s NO REAL SOLUTION. XI. Compare all three methods learned Factoring| Completing the Square| Quadratic Formula| Ex. 11) 4Ãâ€"2- 8x-5=0 * Two integers that multiply to give -20 that add to give -8 are -10 and 2. x2- 10x +2x-5=02x2x-5+ 12x-5= 02x-52x+1= 0 2x-5=0 2x+1=0x= 52 x= -12| Ex. 11) 4Ãâ€"2- 8x-5=0 * First step is to obtai n a coefficient of 1 for the x2 by dividing both sides of the equation by 4. x2- 2x- 54= 04Ãâ€"2- 2x- 54=0x2- 2x=54Ãâ€"2- 2x+ _____=54+ _____x2-2x+ 22 2 =54+ 22 2 x2- 2x+1=54+1Ãâ€"2- 2x+1=94x-12= 94x-12= 94x-1=  ± 32x=1  ± 32x= 52 x= -12| Ex. 11. ) 4Ãâ€"2- 8x-5=0a=4 b= -8 c= -5x= -b  ± b2- 4ac2ax= –8  ± (-8)2-44-52(4)x= 8  ± 64+80 8x=8  ± 1448x= 8  ± 128x= 208 x= -48x= 52 x= -12| XII. Instructional StrategiesThis is such a wonderful unit that builds on the familiar skills like solving equations, while setting up the transition to exploring the graphical nature of quadratic solutions. Check out Being Strategic in Solving Equations Part I & II to learn more about the flexibility in equation solving. Students have quite a bit of flexibility in solving quadratic equations as well. This unit follows the factoring lessons in most curriculums very closely. Essentially, the only new material in this unit is the Completing the Square and the Quadratic Formula.It is i mperative that you teach this unit in a progressive nature as I have laid out here, starting with what students are familiar with, adding one layer at a time to arrive at the more complex equations as illustrated in Examples 7 – 10. Throughout the beginning of this unit, pose questions to students such as * Does the equation have a middle term, or does the equation have a b term? * Is the equation in standard quadratic form? * Is there a greatest common factor? * Is the trinomial factorable? * Can the trinomial be factored as a perfect square? How many unique solutions does the equation have? Encourage students to ask these questions back to you or other students as equations are solved in class. This will cause students to slow down and think carefully about the type of equation they are solving. With that said, there is usually more than one approach to solving most equations. Take for instance Example 11. Even if the equation is factorable, the Completing the Square method and the Quadratic formula can be used to solve the equation; however, it may not be the most efficient method.Often students will gravitate towards the formula because they are comfortable with mindless substitution and computation that’s involved with a formula. Needless to say, they quickly realize they must be meticulous weaving in and out of the steps so not to lose a sign or simplify incorrectly. In many cases, taking the scenic route, or the more elaborate method of solution, will cause careless errors throughout the solving process. The goal is for student to learn the process of examining what they have been given and proceed with the method of solution that makes sense for the given equation.To encourage this type of analysis and discourse, provide opportunities for students to showcase these skills. One activity is to group students in 3’s, provide them with a quadratic equation to solve, have each student demonstrate one of the methods of solution, and then decide as a group which method was the most efficient or strategic. When presenting to the class, have each student explain why their method was, or was not the most efficient. In a class, this could be 10 or more equations solved. Don’t shy away from including equations that are missing terms or equations that are not in standard form.These might prove to be more difficult, since they are required to think more carefully about what they have been given, but they are very valuable learning tools. Following this activity, provide students with an equation, and without requiring them to solve using paper and pencil, have them explain, either verbally or in written form, which method they think would be the most strategic or most efficient. Keep in mind, there is room for opinion in these responses. Simply listen and evaluate students thought process as they explain. Skills such as these are invaluable and will help create well rounded mathematical thinkers.